Abstract
Cadmium (Cd) disrupts the normal growth and development of plants, depending on their tolerance to this toxic element. The present study was focused on the impacts of exogenous salicylic acid (SA) on the response and regulation of the antioxidant defense system and membrane lipids to 16-day-old flax plantlets under Cd stress. Exposure of flax to high Cd concentrations led to strong inhibition of root growth and enhanced lipid peroxides, membrane permeability, protein oxidation, and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) production to varying degrees. Concomitantly, activities of the antioxidant enzymes catalase (CAT, EC 1.11.1.6), guaïcol peroxydase (GPX, EC 1.11.1.7), ascorbate peroxydase (APX, EC 1.11.1.11), and superoxide dismutase (SOD, EC 1.15.1.1), and the total antioxidant capacities (2,2'-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) scavenging activity and ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP)) were significantly altered by Cd. In contrast, exogenous SA greatly reduced the toxic effects of Cd on the root growth, antioxidant system, and membrane lipid content. The Cd-treated plantlets pre-soaked with SA exhibited less lipid and protein oxidation and membrane alteration, as well as a high level of total antioxidant capacities and increased activities of antioxidant enzymes except of CAT. These results may suggest that SA plays an important role in triggering the root antioxidant system, thereby preventing membrane damage as well as the denaturation of its components.
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Claims 8
Claim · model-written summary
High Cd concentrations strongly inhibited root growth of flax.
- Taxon
- flax
Linum usitatissimume0 - Treatment
- high Cd concentrationse0
- Outcome
- root growthe0
- Direction
- inhibitione0
- Qualifier
- stronge0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Exposure of flax to high Cd concentrations led to strong inhibition of root growth and enhanced lipid peroxides, membrane permeability, protein oxidation, and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) production to varying degrees”
Claim · model-written summary
High Cd concentrations enhanced lipid peroxides, membrane permeability and protein oxidation in flax.
- Taxon
- flaxLinum usitatissimume0
- Treatment
- high Cd concentrationse0
- Outcome
- lipid peroxides, membrane permeability, protein oxidatione0
- Direction
- enhancede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Exposure of flax to high Cd concentrations led to strong inhibition of root growth and enhanced lipid peroxides, membrane permeability, protein oxidation, and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) production to varying degrees”
Claim · model-written summary
High Cd concentrations enhanced hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) production in flax.
- Taxon
- flaxLinum usitatissimume0
- Treatment
- high Cd concentrationse0
- Outcome
- hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) productione0
- Direction
- enhancede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Exposure of flax to high Cd concentrations led to strong inhibition of root growth and enhanced lipid peroxides, membrane permeability, protein oxidation, and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) production to varying degrees”
Claim · model-written summary
Cd significantly altered the activities of the antioxidant enzymes and the total antioxidant capacities of flax.
- Taxon
- flaxLinum usitatissimume0
- Treatment
- Cde1
- Outcome
- activities of the antioxidant enzymese1
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Exposure of flax to high Cd concentrations led to strong inhibition of root growth and enhanced lipid peroxides, membrane permeability, protein oxidation, and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) production to varying degrees”
e1“activities of the antioxidant enzymes catalase (CAT, EC 1.11.1.6), guaïcol peroxydase (GPX, EC 1.11.1.7), ascorbate peroxydase (APX, EC 1.11.1.11), and superoxide dismutase (SOD, EC 1.15.1.1), and the total antioxidant capacities (2,2'-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) scavenging activity and ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP)) were significantly altered by Cd”
Claim · model-written summary
Exogenous salicylic acid greatly reduced the toxic effects of Cd on flax root growth, antioxidant system and membrane lipid content.
- Taxon
- flaxLinum usitatissimume0
- Treatment
- exogenous SAe2
- Outcome
- toxic effects of Cd on the root growth, antioxidant system, and membrane lipid contente2
- Direction
- greatly reducede2
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Exposure of flax to high Cd concentrations led to strong inhibition of root growth and enhanced lipid peroxides, membrane permeability, protein oxidation, and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) production to varying degrees”
e2“exogenous SA greatly reduced the toxic effects of Cd on the root growth, antioxidant system, and membrane lipid content”
Claim · model-written summary
Pre-soaking flax in SA under Cd stress gave less lipid and protein oxidation and membrane alteration.
- Taxon
- flaxLinum usitatissimume0
- Treatment
- pre-soaked with SAe3
- Outcome
- lipid and protein oxidation and membrane alteratione3
- Direction
- lesse3
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Exposure of flax to high Cd concentrations led to strong inhibition of root growth and enhanced lipid peroxides, membrane permeability, protein oxidation, and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) production to varying degrees”
e3“The Cd-treated plantlets pre-soaked with SA exhibited less lipid and protein oxidation and membrane alteration”
Claim · model-written summary
Pre-soaking flax in SA under Cd stress gave a high level of total antioxidant capacities.
- Taxon
- flaxLinum usitatissimume0
- Treatment
- pre-soaked with SAe3
- Outcome
- total antioxidant capacitiese4
- Direction
- high levele4
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Exposure of flax to high Cd concentrations led to strong inhibition of root growth and enhanced lipid peroxides, membrane permeability, protein oxidation, and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) production to varying degrees”
e3“The Cd-treated plantlets pre-soaked with SA exhibited less lipid and protein oxidation and membrane alteration”
e4“a high level of total antioxidant capacities”
Claim · model-written summary
Pre-soaking flax in SA under Cd stress increased the activities of antioxidant enzymes except CAT.
- Taxon
- flaxLinum usitatissimume0
- Treatment
- pre-soaked with SAe3
- Outcome
- activities of antioxidant enzymes except of CATe5
- Direction
- increasede5
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Exposure of flax to high Cd concentrations led to strong inhibition of root growth and enhanced lipid peroxides, membrane permeability, protein oxidation, and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) production to varying degrees”
e3“The Cd-treated plantlets pre-soaked with SA exhibited less lipid and protein oxidation and membrane alteration”
e5“increased activities of antioxidant enzymes except of CAT”
The same questions in other papers
cadmium atom · growth · Linum usitatissimum (flax)Results differ
3 papers in the same direction as this paper
- negative
- no effect
- negative
cadmium atom · physiology: oxidative · Linum usitatissimum (flax)Results agree
1 paper in the same direction as this paper
- negative
salicylic acid · molecular: metabolites · Linum usitatissimum (flax)Results agree
1 paper in the same direction as this paper
- positive
salicylic acid · growth · Linum usitatissimum (flax)Results agree
3 papers in the same direction as this paper
- positive
- positive
- positive
Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.