Abstract
ABSTRACT Field and in vitro trials were conducted to establish the influence of the biological control agent Microsphaeropsis ochracea on the ejection pattern of ascospores by Venturia inaequalis and on apple scab development, and to establish the best timing of application. The ejection pattern of ascospores was similar on leaves sprayed with M. ochracea and on untreated leaves. Fall application of M. ochracea combined with a delayed-fungicide program was evaluated in orchards with intermediate and high scab risk. For both orchards, it was possible to delay the first three and two infection periods in 1998 and 1999, respectively, without causing significant increase or unacceptable leaf and fruit scab incidence. To evaluate the best timing of application, sterile leaf disks were inoculated with V. inaequalis and then with M. ochracea 0, 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 14, and 16 weeks later. After incubation under optimal conditions for pseudothecia development, the number of ascospores was counted. Similarly, M. ochracea was sprayed on scabbed leaves on seven occasions from August to November 1999 and 2000. Leaves were overwintered on the orchard floor and ascospore production was evaluated the following spring. Ascospore production was reduced by 97 to 100% on leaf disks inoculated with M. ochracea less than 6 weeks after inoculation with V. inaequalis, but ascospore production increased with increasing period of time when M. ochracea was applied 8 to 16 weeks after the inoculation with V. inaequalis. In the orchard, the greatest reduction in production of ascospores (94 to 96% in 2000 and 99% in 2001) occurred on leaves sprayed with M. ochracea in August. The production of ascospores was reduced by 61 to 84% in 2000 and 93% in 2001 on leaves sprayed with M. ochracea in September, reduced by 64 to 86% in 2000 and 74 to 89% in 2001 on leaves sprayed in October, and reduced by 54 and 67% in 2000 and 2001, respectively, on leaves sprayed in November. It was concluded that M. ochracea should be applied in August or September and that ascospore maturation models and delayed-fungicide program could be used in orchards treated with this biological control agent.
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Claims 13
Claim · model-written summary
Ascospore ejection patterns were similar on treated and untreated apple leaves.
- Taxon
- apple
Malus domesticae1 - Treatment
- sprayed with M. ochraceae0
- Interactor
- Venturia inaequalis
Venturia inaequalise1pathogen - Second interactor
- M. ochraceae0biocontrol_agent
- Outcome
- ejection pattern of ascosporese0
- Direction
- similare0
- Comparator
- untreated leavese0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The ejection pattern of ascospores was similar on leaves sprayed with M. ochracea and on untreated leaves”
e1“Venturia inaequalis and on apple scab development”
Claim · model-written summary
The first three infection periods in 1998 could be delayed without a significant increase in leaf or fruit scab incidence.
- Taxon
- appleMalus domesticae2
- Treatment
- Fall application of M. ochracea combined with a delayed-fungicide programe1
- Interactor
- M. ochraceae1biocontrol_agent
- Outcome
- leaf and fruit scab incidencee0
- Direction
- without causing significant increasee0
- Qualifier
- first three and two infection periods in 1998 and 1999, respectivelye0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“For both orchards, it was possible to delay the first three and two infection periods in 1998 and 1999, respectively, without causing significant increase or unacceptable leaf and fruit scab incidence”
e1“Fall application of M. ochracea combined with a delayed-fungicide program”
e2“apple scab development”
Claim · model-written summary
Application within six weeks of inoculation reduced ascospore production on leaf disks by 97 to 100%.
- Taxon
- appleMalus domesticae1
- Treatment
- inoculated with M. ochracea less than 6 weeks after inoculation with V. inaequalise0
- Interactor
- V. inaequalisVenturia inaequalise0pathogen
- Second interactor
- M. ochraceae0biocontrol_agent
- Outcome
- Ascospore productione0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Value
- 97 to 100%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Ascospore production was reduced by 97 to 100% on leaf disks inoculated with M. ochracea less than 6 weeks after inoculation with V. inaequalis”
e1“apple scab development”
Claim · model-written summary
Ascospore production increased as treatment was delayed from 8 to 16 weeks after pathogen inoculation.
- Taxon
- appleMalus domesticae1
- Treatment
- M. ochracea was applied 8 to 16 weeks after the inoculation with V. inaequalise0
- Interactor
- V. inaequalisVenturia inaequalise0pathogen
- Second interactor
- M. ochraceae0biocontrol_agent
- Outcome
- ascospore productione0
- Direction
- increasede0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“ascospore production increased with increasing period of time when M. ochracea was applied 8 to 16 weeks after the inoculation with V. inaequalis”
e1“apple scab development”
Claim · model-written summary
August spraying reduced orchard ascospore production by 94 to 96% in 2000.
- Taxon
- appleMalus domesticae1
- Treatment
- sprayed with M. ochracea in Auguste0
- Outcome
- production of ascosporese0
- Direction
- reductione0
- Value
- 94 to 96%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The greatest reduction in production of ascospores (94 to 96% in 2000 and 99% in 2001) occurred on leaves sprayed with M. ochracea in August”
e1“apple scab development”
Claim · model-written summary
August spraying reduced orchard ascospore production by 99% in 2001.
- Taxon
- appleMalus domesticae1
- Treatment
- sprayed with M. ochracea in Auguste0
- Outcome
- production of ascosporese0
- Direction
- reductione0
- Value
- 99%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The greatest reduction in production of ascospores (94 to 96% in 2000 and 99% in 2001) occurred on leaves sprayed with M. ochracea in August”
e1“apple scab development”
Claim · model-written summary
September spraying reduced ascospore production by 61 to 84% in 2000.
- Taxon
- appleMalus domesticae1
- Treatment
- sprayed with M. ochracea in Septembere0
- Outcome
- production of ascosporese0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Value
- 61 to 84%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The production of ascospores was reduced by 61 to 84% in 2000 and 93% in 2001 on leaves sprayed with M. ochracea in September”
e1“apple scab development”
Claim · model-written summary
September spraying reduced ascospore production by 93% in 2001.
- Taxon
- appleMalus domesticae1
- Treatment
- sprayed with M. ochracea in Septembere0
- Outcome
- production of ascosporese0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Value
- 93%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The production of ascospores was reduced by 61 to 84% in 2000 and 93% in 2001 on leaves sprayed with M. ochracea in September”
e1“apple scab development”
Claim · model-written summary
October spraying reduced ascospore production by 64 to 86% in 2000.
- Taxon
- appleMalus domesticae2
- Treatment
- sprayed in Octobere0
- Outcome
- production of ascosporese1
- Direction
- reducede0
- Value
- 64 to 86%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“reduced by 64 to 86% in 2000 and 74 to 89% in 2001 on leaves sprayed in October”
e1“The production of ascospores was reduced by 61 to 84%”
e2“apple scab development”
Claim · model-written summary
October spraying reduced ascospore production by 74 to 89% in 2001.
- Taxon
- appleMalus domesticae2
- Treatment
- sprayed in Octobere0
- Outcome
- production of ascosporese1
- Direction
- reducede0
- Value
- 74 to 89%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“reduced by 64 to 86% in 2000 and 74 to 89% in 2001 on leaves sprayed in October”
e1“The production of ascospores was reduced by 61 to 84%”
e2“apple scab development”
Claim · model-written summary
November spraying reduced ascospore production by 54% in 2000.
- Taxon
- appleMalus domesticae2
- Treatment
- sprayed in Novembere0
- Outcome
- production of ascosporese1
- Direction
- reducede0
- Value
- 54 and 67%e0
- Qualifier
- in 2000 and 2001, respectivelye0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“reduced by 54 and 67% in 2000 and 2001, respectively, on leaves sprayed in November”
e1“The production of ascospores was reduced by 61 to 84%”
e2“apple scab development”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors recommend applying M. ochracea in August or September.
- Taxon
- appleMalus domesticae1
- Interactor
- M. ochraceae0biocontrol_agent
- Outcome
- M. ochracea should be applied in August or Septembere0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“M. ochracea should be applied in August or September”
e1“apple scab development”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors suggest using ascospore maturation models and a delayed-fungicide program in treated orchards.
- Taxon
- appleMalus domesticae1
- Outcome
- ascospore maturation models and delayed-fungicide program could be usede0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“ascospore maturation models and delayed-fungicide program could be used in orchards treated with this biological control agent”
e1“apple scab development”
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