Abstract
Summary Lipochitooligosaccharide nodulation factors (Nod factors) produced by rhizobia are a major host range determinant. These factors play a pivotal role in the molecular signal exchange, infection and induction of symbiotic developmental responses in legumes leading to the formation of a nodule in which rhizobia carry out N 2 fixation. Determining whether rice ( Oryza sativa ) can respond to Nod factors could lead to strategies that would make rice amenable to develop a nitrogen‐fixing endosymbiotic association with rhizobia. We introduced into rice the promoter of the infection‐related gene MtENOD12 (from Medicago truncatula ) fused to the β‐glucuronidase (GUS) reporter gene to serve as a molecular marker to aid in the detection of Nod factor signal perception by rice cells. Treatment of the transgenic rice roots with Nod factors (10 –6 –10 –9 m ) under nitrogen‐limiting conditions induced MtENOD12 ‐GUS expression in cortical parenchyma, endodermis and pericycle. In contrast, chitooligosaccharide backbone alone failed to elicit such a response in the root tissues. These findings demonstrate that rice roots perceive Nod factors and that these lipochitooligosaccharides, but not simple chitin oligomers, act as signal molecules in activating MtENOD12 in cortical parenchyma as in legumes. Exogenous application of N ‐naphthaleneacetic acid mimicked the Nod factor‐elicited tissue‐specific expression of MtENOD12 in roots while cytokinins inhibited it, thus evidencing that Nod factors, auxin and cytokinins probably act on similar signaling elements responsible for the regulation of MtENOD12 activation in rice. Taken together, these results suggest that at least a portion of the signal transduction machinery important for legume nodulation is likely to exist in rice.
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Claims 7
Claim · model-written summary
Nod factors induced MtENOD12-GUS expression in transgenic rice root cortical parenchyma, endodermis and pericycle under nitrogen limitation.
- Taxon
- rice
Oryza sativae0 - Organ / stage
- cortical parenchyma, endodermis and pericyclee0
- Treatment
- Nod factors (10 –6 –10 –9 m )e0
- Gene
- MtENOD12 ‐GUSe0
- Outcome
- MtENOD12 ‐GUS expressione0
- Direction
- inducede0
- Qualifier
- under nitrogen‐limiting conditionse0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Treatment of the transgenic rice roots with Nod factors (10 –6 –10 –9 m ) under nitrogen‐limiting conditions induced MtENOD12 ‐GUS expression in cortical parenchyma, endodermis and pericycle”
Claim · model-written summary
Chitooligosaccharide backbone alone failed to induce the rice root reporter response.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae1
- Treatment
- chitooligosaccharide backbone alonee0
- Outcome
- MtENOD12 ‐GUS expressione2
- Direction
- failed to elicite0
- Comparator
- Nod factorse1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“chitooligosaccharide backbone alone failed to elicit such a response in the root tissues”
e1“transgenic rice roots with Nod factors”
e2“MtENOD12 ‐GUS expression”
Claim · model-written summary
Rice roots perceived Nod factors.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae0
- Outcome
- perceive Nod factorse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“rice roots perceive Nod factors”
Claim · model-written summary
Exogenous N-naphthaleneacetic acid mimicked Nod factor induced tissue-specific MtENOD12 expression in roots.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae1
- Treatment
- N ‐naphthaleneacetic acide0
- Gene
- MtENOD12e0
- Outcome
- expression of MtENOD12e0
- Direction
- mimickede0
- Comparator
- Nod factore0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Exogenous application of N ‐naphthaleneacetic acid mimicked the Nod factor‐elicited tissue‐specific expression of MtENOD12 in roots”
e1“whether rice ( Oryza sativa )”
Claim · model-written summary
Cytokinins inhibited tissue-specific MtENOD12 expression in rice roots.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae2
- Treatment
- cytokininse0
- Outcome
- tissue‐specific expression of MtENOD12 in rootse1
- Direction
- inhibitede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“while cytokinins inhibited it”
e1“tissue‐specific expression of MtENOD12 in roots”
e2“whether rice ( Oryza sativa )”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors infer shared signaling elements for Nod factors, auxin and cytokinins regulating MtENOD12 activation in rice.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae0
- Gene
- MtENOD12e0
- Outcome
- MtENOD12 activatione0
- Qualifier
- similar signaling elementse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Nod factors, auxin and cytokinins probably act on similar signaling elements responsible for the regulation of MtENOD12 activation in rice”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors suggest that rice has some signal-transduction machinery important for legume nodulation.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae0
- Outcome
- signal transduction machinery important for legume nodulatione0
- Qualifier
- at least a portione0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“at least a portion of the signal transduction machinery important for legume nodulation is likely to exist in rice”
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