Abstract
Heat stress can have deleterious effects on plant growth by impairing several physiological processes. Plants have several defense mechanisms that enable them to cope with high temperatures. The synthesis and accumulation of heat shock proteins (HSPs), as well as the maintenance of an opportune redox balance play key roles in conferring thermotolerance to plants. In this study changes in redox parameters, the activity and/or expression of reactive oxygen species (ROS) scavenging enzymes and the expression of two HSPs were studied in tobacco Bright Yellow-2 (TBY-2) cells subjected to moderate short-term heat stress (SHS) and long-term heat stress (LHS). The results indicate that TBY-2 cells subjected to SHS suddenly and transiently enhance antioxidant systems, thus maintaining redox homeostasis and avoiding oxidative damage. The simultaneous increase in HSPs overcomes the SHS and maintains the metabolic functionality of cells. In contrast the exposure of cells to LHS significantly reduces cell growth and increases cell death. In the first phase of LHS, cells enhance antioxidant systems to prevent the formation of an oxidizing environment. Under prolonged heat stress, the antioxidant systems, and particularly the enzymatic ones, are inactivated. As a consequence, an increase in H2 O2 , lipid peroxidation and protein oxidation occurs. This establishment of oxidative stress could be responsible for the increased cell death. The rescue of cell growth and cell viability, observed when TBY-2 cells were pretreated with galactone-γ-lactone, the last precursor of ascorbate, and glutathione before exposure to LHS, highlights the crucial role of antioxidants in the acquisition of basal thermotolerance.
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Claims 10
Claim · model-written summary
Short heat stress transiently enhanced antioxidant systems in TBY-2 cells.
- Taxon
- tobacco
Nicotiana tabacumt0 - Material
- TBY-2e0
- Treatment
- SHSe0
- Outcome
- antioxidant systemse0
- Direction
- enhancee0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“TBY-2 cells subjected to SHS suddenly and transiently enhance antioxidant systems”
t0“tobacco Bright Yellow-2 (TBY-2) cells”
Claim · model-written summary
Short heat stress maintained redox homeostasis and avoided oxidative damage.
- Taxon
- tobaccoNicotiana tabacumt0
- Outcome
- redox homeostasis and avoiding oxidative damagee0
- Qualifier
- thuse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“thus maintaining redox homeostasis and avoiding oxidative damage”
t0“tobacco Bright Yellow-2 (TBY-2) cells”
Claim · model-written summary
HSPs increased during short heat stress and metabolic functionality was maintained.
- Taxon
- tobaccoNicotiana tabacumt0
- Treatment
- SHSe0
- Gene
- HSPse0
- Outcome
- metabolic functionality of cellse0
- Direction
- maintainse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The simultaneous increase in HSPs overcomes the SHS and maintains the metabolic functionality of cells”
t0“tobacco Bright Yellow-2 (TBY-2) cells”
Claim · model-written summary
Long heat stress reduced tobacco cell growth.
- Taxon
- tobaccoNicotiana tabacumt0
- Treatment
- LHSe0
- Outcome
- cell growthe0
- Direction
- reducese0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the exposure of cells to LHS significantly reduces cell growth”
t0“tobacco Bright Yellow-2 (TBY-2) cells”
Claim · model-written summary
Long heat stress increased cell death.
- Taxon
- tobaccoNicotiana tabacumt0
- Treatment
- LHSe0
- Outcome
- cell deathe0
- Direction
- increasese0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the exposure of cells to LHS significantly reduces cell growth and increases cell death”
t0“tobacco Bright Yellow-2 (TBY-2) cells”
Claim · model-written summary
Early long heat stress enhanced antioxidant systems.
- Taxon
- tobaccoNicotiana tabacumt0
- Treatment
- LHSe0
- Outcome
- antioxidant systemse0
- Direction
- enhancee0
- Qualifier
- first phasee0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“In the first phase of LHS, cells enhance antioxidant systems to prevent the formation of an oxidizing environment”
t0“tobacco Bright Yellow-2 (TBY-2) cells”
Claim · model-written summary
Prolonged heat stress inactivated antioxidant systems, particularly enzymatic systems.
- Taxon
- tobaccoNicotiana tabacumt0
- Treatment
- prolonged heat stresse0
- Outcome
- antioxidant systemse0
- Direction
- inactivatede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Under prolonged heat stress, the antioxidant systems, and particularly the enzymatic ones, are inactivated”
t0“tobacco Bright Yellow-2 (TBY-2) cells”
Claim · model-written summary
Long heat stress increased hydrogen peroxide, lipid peroxidation and protein oxidation.
- Taxon
- tobaccoNicotiana tabacumt0
- Outcome
- H2 O2 , lipid peroxidation and protein oxidatione0
- Direction
- increasee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“an increase in H2 O2 , lipid peroxidation and protein oxidation occurs”
t0“tobacco Bright Yellow-2 (TBY-2) cells”
Claim · model-written summary
Oxidative stress was proposed to explain increased cell death.
- Taxon
- tobaccoNicotiana tabacumt0
- Outcome
- cell deathe0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Qualifier
- oxidative stresse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“This establishment of oxidative stress could be responsible for the increased cell death”
t0“tobacco Bright Yellow-2 (TBY-2) cells”
Claim · model-written summary
Pretreatment with antioxidants rescued cell growth under long heat stress.
- Taxon
- tobaccoNicotiana tabacumt0
- Treatment
- galactone-γ-lactonee0
- Outcome
- cell growth and cell viabilitye0
- Direction
- rescuee0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The rescue of cell growth and cell viability, observed when TBY-2 cells were pretreated with galactone-γ-lactone, the last precursor of ascorbate, and glutathione before exposure to LHS”
t0“tobacco Bright Yellow-2 (TBY-2) cells”
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