Abstract
1. Soaking seeds of dwarf bean in distilled water with aeration resulted in a considerable decrease in the rate of germination (appearance of the seedlings at the surface of the soil) for periods of soaking as short as 8 hours. Practically a complete failure of germination resulted from soaking periods of 7 to 9 days. 2. The soaking treatment resulted in a still further reduction in the number of mature plants produced, as some of the seedlings from the treated seeds were unable to reach maturity. 3. The soaking treatment resulted in a progressive decrease in growth and weight of the plants produced and an increase in the time required for the plants to reach maturity. 4. The seed treatment resulted in general in a modification of the leaf structure, the leaf blades of plants from treated seeds generally being thinner and more compact in structure than those of plants from untreated seeds. 5. The greater average thickness of the phloem and higher ratio of the phloem to the xylem in the stems of the plants from soaked seeds is probably correlated with the relatively higher carbohydrate and lower nitrogen content of these plants. 6. The addition of calcium nitrate in very dilute solution to the water in which the seeds were soaked did not prevent the deleterious influence of soaking on germination and growth. 7. Soaking the seeds resulted in a marked relative increase in reducing sugars, starch and total carbohydrates, and solid matter, and in a relative decrease in total nitrogen, organic nitrogen, amino-acid nitrogen, and proteins in the mature plants produced from the soaked seeds. A correlation may be seen in the decreased nitrogen associated with decreased moisture and increased carbohydrates. 8. It seems probable that the greater relative accumulation of carbohydrates and deficiency of nitrogen compounds in the plants from the soaked seeds are due to a decrease in the ability of these plants to form the nitrogen compounds from the carbohydrates. The reduction in growth is probably due to the reduction in nitrogen compounds. 9. There was an increase in the rate of production of respiratory carbon dioxide in the sprouted seeds soaked before sprouting in comparison with those sprouted without previous soaking. This increase was probably due to the fact that the treated seeds contained considerably more water than untreated ones. The higher water content was favorable to a more rapid rate of respiration. The reduction in growth, of course, was not connected with any decrease in the rate of respiration. 10. Soaking the seeds without aeration resulted in a regular decrease in the catalase activity. Soaking with aeration resulted at first in a small decrease in catalase activity, but this was soon followed by a considerable increase. This modification of the result is evidently due to the fact that the seeds when soaked with aeration pass through the early stages of germination, and consequently there is an increase in catalase activity characteristic of seed germination.
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Claims 14
Claim · model-written summary
Aerated soaking reduced germination rate, even after 8 hours.
- Taxon
- dwarf beane0
- Treatment
- Soaking seeds of dwarf bean in distilled water with aeratione0
- Outcome
- rate of germinatione0
- Direction
- decreasee0
- Qualifier
- as short as 8 hourse0
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
e0“Soaking seeds of dwarf bean in distilled water with aeration resulted in a considerable decrease in the rate of germination (appearance of the seedlings at the surface of the soil) for periods of soaking as short as 8 hours”
Claim · model-written summary
Soaking for 7 to 9 days nearly eliminated germination.
- Taxon
- dwarf beant0
- Treatment
- soaking periods of 7 to 9 dayse0
- Outcome
- germinatione0
- Direction
- complete failuree0
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
e0“Practically a complete failure of germination resulted from soaking periods of 7 to 9 days”
t0“dwarf bean”
Claim · model-written summary
Soaking further reduced mature plant production.
- Taxon
- dwarf beant0
- Treatment
- soaking treatmente0
- Outcome
- number of mature plants producede0
- Direction
- reductione0
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
e0“The soaking treatment resulted in a still further reduction in the number of mature plants produced”
t0“dwarf bean”
Claim · model-written summary
Soaking progressively decreased plant growth and weight.
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
e0“The soaking treatment resulted in a progressive decrease in growth and weight of the plants produced”
t0“dwarf bean”
Claim · model-written summary
Soaking increased time to maturity.
- Taxon
- dwarf beant0
- Treatment
- soaking treatmentt1
- Outcome
- time required for the plants to reach maturitye0
- Direction
- increasee0
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
e0“an increase in the time required for the plants to reach maturity”
t0“dwarf bean”
t1“The soaking treatment resulted in a progressive decrease in growth and weight of the plants produced and an increase in the time required for the plants to reach maturity”
Claim · model-written summary
Soaking produced thinner and more compact leaf blades than in untreated plants.
Verbatim
e0“the leaf blades of plants from treated seeds generally being thinner and more compact in structure than those of plants from untreated seeds”
t0“dwarf bean”
Claim · model-written summary
Stems from soaked seeds had greater phloem thickness and phloem to xylem ratio.
Verbatim
e0“The greater average thickness of the phloem and higher ratio of the phloem to the xylem in the stems of the plants from soaked seeds”
t0“dwarf bean”
Claim · model-written summary
Adding dilute calcium nitrate did not prevent the deleterious effect of soaking on germination and growth.
- Taxon
- dwarf beant0
- Treatment
- calcium nitrate in very dilute solutione0
- Outcome
- germination and growthe0
- Direction
- did not prevente0
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
e0“The addition of calcium nitrate in very dilute solution to the water in which the seeds were soaked did not prevent the deleterious influence of soaking on germination and growth”
t0“dwarf bean”
Claim · model-written summary
Soaking increased reducing sugars, starch, total carbohydrates and solid matter in mature plants.
- Taxon
- dwarf beant0
- Treatment
- Soaking the seedse0
- Outcome
- reducing sugars, starch and total carbohydrates, and solid mattere0
- Direction
- increasee0
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
e0“Soaking the seeds resulted in a marked relative increase in reducing sugars, starch and total carbohydrates, and solid matter”
t0“dwarf bean”
Claim · model-written summary
Soaking decreased total, organic and amino-acid nitrogen and proteins.
- Taxon
- dwarf beant0
- Treatment
- soaked seedse0
- Outcome
- total nitrogen, organic nitrogen, amino-acid nitrogen, and proteinse0
- Direction
- decreasee0
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
e0“a relative decrease in total nitrogen, organic nitrogen, amino-acid nitrogen, and proteins in the mature plants produced from the soaked seeds”
t0“dwarf bean”
Claim · model-written summary
Sprouted seeds soaked previously had a higher respiratory carbon dioxide production rate.
Verbatim
e0“There was an increase in the rate of production of respiratory carbon dioxide in the sprouted seeds soaked before sprouting in comparison with those sprouted without previous soaking”
t0“dwarf bean”
Claim · model-written summary
Soaking without aeration decreased catalase activity.
- Taxon
- dwarf beant0
- Treatment
- Soaking the seeds without aeratione0
- Outcome
- catalase activitye0
- Direction
- decreasee0
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
e0“Soaking the seeds without aeration resulted in a regular decrease in the catalase activity”
t0“dwarf bean”
Claim · model-written summary
Soaking with aeration initially decreased catalase activity slightly.
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
e0“Soaking with aeration resulted at first in a small decrease in catalase activity”
t0“dwarf bean”
Claim · model-written summary
After the initial decrease, aerated soaking considerably increased catalase activity.
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
e0“this was soon followed by a considerable increase”
t0“dwarf bean”
t1“Soaking with aeration resulted at first in a small decrease in catalase activity, but this was soon followed by a considerable increase”
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