Abstract
Abstract Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi ( AMF ) can control soilborne diseases such as F usarium oxysporum f.sp. lycopersici ( F ol ). Root exudates play an important role in plant–microbe interactions in the rhizosphere, especially, in the initial phase of these interactions. In this work, we focus on (i) elucidating dynamics in root exudation of S olanum lycopersicum L . in an intercropping system due to AMF and/or F ol ; (ii) its effect on F ol development in vitro ; and (iii) the testing of the root exudate compounds identified in the chromatographic analyses in terms of effects on fungal growth in in vitro assays. GC ‐ MS analyses revealed an AMF ‐dependent increase in sugars and decrease in organic acids, mainly glucose and malate. In the HPLC analyses, an increase in chlorogenic acid was evident in the combined treatment of AMF and F ol , which is to our knowledge the first report about an increase in chlorogenic acid in root exudates of AM plants challenged with F ol compared with plants inoculated with AMF only, clearly indicating changes in root exudation due to AMF and F ol . Root exudates of AMF tomato plants stimulate the germination rate of F ol , whereas the co‐inoculation of AMF and F ol leads to a reduction in spore germination. In the in vitro assays, citrate and chlorogenic acid could be identified as possible candidates for the reduction in F ol germination rate in the root exudates of the AMF + F ol treatment because they proved inhibition at concentrations naturally occurring in the rhizosphere.
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Claims 7
Claim · model-written summary
AMF increased sugars, mainly glucose, in tomato root exudates.
- Taxon
- Tomato
Solanum lycopersicumt0 - Treatment
- AMFe0
- Interactor
- AMFe0symbiont
- Outcome
- sugarse0
- Direction
- increasee0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“GC ‐ MS analyses revealed an AMF ‐dependent increase in sugars and decrease in organic acids, mainly glucose and malate.”
t0“Intercropped Tomato”
Claim · model-written summary
AMF decreased organic acids, mainly malate, in tomato root exudates.
- Taxon
- TomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- AMFe0
- Interactor
- AMFe0symbiont
- Outcome
- organic acidse0
- Direction
- decreasee0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“GC ‐ MS analyses revealed an AMF ‐dependent increase in sugars and decrease in organic acids, mainly glucose and malate.”
t0“Intercropped Tomato”
Claim · model-written summary
Combined AMF and Fol treatment increased chlorogenic acid in tomato root exudates relative to AMF alone.
- Taxon
- TomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- combined treatment of AMF and F ole0
- Interactor
- F ole0pathogen
- Second interactor
- AMFe0symbiont
- Outcome
- chlorogenic acid in root exudatese0
- Direction
- increasee0
- Comparator
- plants inoculated with AMF onlye0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“an increase in chlorogenic acid was evident in the combined treatment of AMF and F ol , which is to our knowledge the first report about an increase in chlorogenic acid in root exudates of AM plants challenged with F ol compared with plants inoculated with AMF only”
t0“Intercropped Tomato”
Claim · model-written summary
Root exudates from AMF tomato plants stimulated Fol spore germination.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicume0
- Treatment
- Root exudates of AMF tomato plantse0
- Interactor
- F ole0pathogen
- Second interactor
- AMFe0symbiont
- Outcome
- germination rate of F ole0
- Direction
- stimulatee0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Root exudates of AMF tomato plants stimulate the germination rate of F ol”
Claim · model-written summary
Co-inoculation with AMF and Fol reduced Fol spore germination.
- Taxon
- TomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- co‐inoculation of AMF and F ole0
- Interactor
- F ole0pathogen
- Second interactor
- AMFe0symbiont
- Outcome
- spore germinatione0
- Direction
- reductione0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the co‐inoculation of AMF and F ol leads to a reduction in spore germination”
t0“Intercropped Tomato”
Claim · model-written summary
Citrate inhibited Fol germination at a naturally occurring rhizosphere concentration.
- Taxon
- TomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- citratee0
- Interactor
- F ole0pathogen
- Outcome
- F ol germination ratee0
- Direction
- inhibitione0
- Qualifier
- at concentrations naturally occurring in the rhizospheree0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“citrate and chlorogenic acid could be identified as possible candidates for the reduction in F ol germination rate in the root exudates of the AMF + F ol treatment because they proved inhibition at concentrations naturally occurring in the rhizosphere”
t0“Intercropped Tomato”
Claim · model-written summary
Chlorogenic acid inhibited Fol germination at a naturally occurring rhizosphere concentration.
- Taxon
- TomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- chlorogenic acide0
- Interactor
- F ole0pathogen
- Outcome
- F ol germination ratee0
- Direction
- inhibitione0
- Qualifier
- at concentrations naturally occurring in the rhizospheree0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“citrate and chlorogenic acid could be identified as possible candidates for the reduction in F ol germination rate in the root exudates of the AMF + F ol treatment because they proved inhibition at concentrations naturally occurring in the rhizosphere”
t0“Intercropped Tomato”
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