Abstract
In the low rainfall area of Western Australia, clay soils with massive soil structure form a major part of the area sown to wheat. Yield increases on such soils have been poor in the last decade compared with those on other soil types. An experiment was conducted over 4 years (1997–2000) using a factorial combination of soil ripping to 0.4 m, application of commercial grade gypsum at 2.5 t/ha, and addition of complete nutrients based on soil test each year. All crop residues were retained after harvest and returned to the soil. The experiment was conducted in a wheat–field pea rotation at Merredin, WA. Soil water infiltration rate, soil strength, bulk density, water-stable aggregates, cation exchange capacity, and wheat yields were measured. Grain yields of wheat and field peas were increased by deep ripping, the addition of gypsum, or the addition of complete nutrients in some years. The main treatment effects on yield were additive, as significant interactions between the treatments on yield were seldom found. However, all the main treatments also significantly improved many of the soil physical properties related to crop growth. In 2000, 4 years after the treatments were applied, soil water infiltration rate was increased by more than 200%, strength of the topsoil decreased by around 1600 kPa, and soil bulk density decreased by 20%. Gypsum application increased water-stable aggregates, but soil mixing caused by deep ripping reduced them. The combination of soil ripping and gypsum application in the presence of complete nutrients and annual return of crop residues to the soil is suggested to improve crop grain yield and soil physical fertility on a range of Western Australian soils.
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Claims 14
Claim · model-written summary
Deep ripping increased wheat grain yield in some years.
- Taxon
- wheat
Triticum aestivume1 - Treatment
- deep rippinge1
- Outcome
- Grain yieldse1
- Direction
- increasede1
- Qualifier
- in some yearse1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“Grain yields of wheat and field peas were increased by deep ripping, the addition of gypsum, or the addition of complete nutrients in some years”
Claim · model-written summary
Gypsum addition increased wheat grain yield in some years.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume1
- Treatment
- the addition of gypsume1
- Outcome
- Grain yieldse1
- Direction
- increasede1
- Qualifier
- in some yearse1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“Grain yields of wheat and field peas were increased by deep ripping, the addition of gypsum, or the addition of complete nutrients in some years”
Claim · model-written summary
Complete nutrient addition increased wheat grain yield in some years.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume1
- Treatment
- the addition of complete nutrientse1
- Outcome
- Grain yieldse1
- Direction
- increasede1
- Qualifier
- in some yearse1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“Grain yields of wheat and field peas were increased by deep ripping, the addition of gypsum, or the addition of complete nutrients in some years”
Claim · model-written summary
Deep ripping increased field pea grain yield in some years.
- Taxon
- field pease1
- Treatment
- deep rippinge1
- Outcome
- Grain yieldse1
- Direction
- increasede1
- Qualifier
- in some yearse1
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
e1“Grain yields of wheat and field peas were increased by deep ripping, the addition of gypsum, or the addition of complete nutrients in some years”
Claim · model-written summary
Gypsum addition increased field pea grain yield in some years.
- Taxon
- field pease1
- Treatment
- the addition of gypsume1
- Outcome
- Grain yieldse1
- Direction
- increasede1
- Qualifier
- in some yearse1
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
e1“Grain yields of wheat and field peas were increased by deep ripping, the addition of gypsum, or the addition of complete nutrients in some years”
Claim · model-written summary
Complete nutrient addition increased field pea grain yield in some years.
- Taxon
- field pease1
- Treatment
- the addition of complete nutrientse1
- Outcome
- Grain yieldse1
- Direction
- increasede1
- Qualifier
- in some yearse1
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
e1“Grain yields of wheat and field peas were increased by deep ripping, the addition of gypsum, or the addition of complete nutrients in some years”
Claim · model-written summary
The main treatment effects on yield were additive, with significant treatment interactions seldom found.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Outcome
- main treatment effects on yielde2
- Qualifier
- additivee2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“clay soils with massive soil structure form a major part of the area sown to wheat”
e2“The main treatment effects on yield were additive, as significant interactions between the treatments on yield were seldom found”
Claim · model-written summary
The treatments increased soil water infiltration rate by more than 200% in 2000.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Treatment
- the treatmentse3
- Outcome
- soil water infiltration ratee3
- Direction
- increasede3
- Value
- more than 200%e3
- Qualifier
- In 2000, 4 years after the treatments were appliede3
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“clay soils with massive soil structure form a major part of the area sown to wheat”
e3“In 2000, 4 years after the treatments were applied, soil water infiltration rate was increased by more than 200%, strength of the topsoil decreased by around 1600 kPa, and soil bulk density decreased by 20%”
Claim · model-written summary
The treatments decreased topsoil strength by around 1600 kPa in 2000.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Treatment
- the treatmentse3
- Outcome
- strength of the topsoile3
- Direction
- decreasede3
- Value
- around 1600 kPae3
- Qualifier
- In 2000, 4 years after the treatments were appliede3
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“clay soils with massive soil structure form a major part of the area sown to wheat”
e3“In 2000, 4 years after the treatments were applied, soil water infiltration rate was increased by more than 200%, strength of the topsoil decreased by around 1600 kPa, and soil bulk density decreased by 20%”
Claim · model-written summary
The treatments decreased soil bulk density by 20% in 2000.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Treatment
- the treatmentse3
- Outcome
- soil bulk densitye3
- Direction
- decreasede3
- Value
- 20%e3
- Qualifier
- In 2000, 4 years after the treatments were appliede3
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“clay soils with massive soil structure form a major part of the area sown to wheat”
e3“In 2000, 4 years after the treatments were applied, soil water infiltration rate was increased by more than 200%, strength of the topsoil decreased by around 1600 kPa, and soil bulk density decreased by 20%”
Claim · model-written summary
Gypsum application increased water-stable aggregates.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Treatment
- Gypsum applicatione4
- Outcome
- water-stable aggregatese4
- Direction
- increasede4
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“clay soils with massive soil structure form a major part of the area sown to wheat”
e4“Gypsum application increased water-stable aggregates, but soil mixing caused by deep ripping reduced them”
Claim · model-written summary
Soil mixing caused by deep ripping reduced water-stable aggregates.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Treatment
- soil mixing caused by deep rippinge4
- Outcome
- water-stable aggregatese4
- Direction
- reducede4
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“clay soils with massive soil structure form a major part of the area sown to wheat”
e4“Gypsum application increased water-stable aggregates, but soil mixing caused by deep ripping reduced them”
Claim · model-written summary
All main treatments significantly improved many soil physical properties related to crop growth.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Treatment
- the main treatmentse5
- Outcome
- many of the soil physical properties related to crop growthe5
- Direction
- improvede5
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“clay soils with massive soil structure form a major part of the area sown to wheat”
e5“all the main treatments also significantly improved many of the soil physical properties related to crop growth”
Claim · model-written summary
Combining deep ripping and gypsum with complete nutrients and residue return is suggested to improve crop grain yield and soil physical fertility on Western Australian soils.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Outcome
- crop grain yield and soil physical fertilitye6
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“clay soils with massive soil structure form a major part of the area sown to wheat”
e6“The combination of soil ripping and gypsum application in the presence of complete nutrients and annual return of crop residues to the soil is suggested to improve crop grain yield and soil physical fertility”
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