Abstract
Allelopathic effects of invasive weed parthenium (Parthenium hysterophorusL.) were studied by using whole plant, leaf and root aqueous extracts at 0, 2.5, 5.0, 7.5 and 10% (w/v) concentrations against germination and early seedling growth of wild oat (Avena fatua L.) and canary grass (Phalaris minor Retz.). Studies were carried out in Petri plates using filter paper as substratum placed in controlled conditions and soil -filled plastic pots placed in open environments. Both the experiments were laid out in a completely randomized design using four replicates. Pronounced variation was noticed for allelopathic activity of different plant parts of parthenium, extract concent rations, test species, and bioassay techniques. Parthenium extracts either inhibited or delayed the germination and suppressed seedling growth of test species. Various germination and seedling growth attributes were diminished to a much greater extent in P etri plates than in soil. Soil application of these extracts failed to reproduce results identical to those achieved in Petri plates , suggesting variable allelopathic response under different bioassay techniques. Leaf extracts were more suppressive to germination of test species than whole plant and root extracts in both Petri plates and pot studies at all concentrations. Highest chlorophyll inhibition coupled with enhanced tissue phenolic contents w as recorded by aqueous extracts of parthenium in both the test species. Canary grass appeared to be more susceptible than wild oat at all concentrations of aqueous extracts. It is concluded that bioassays conducted under controlled condition using filter paper as substratum may be misleading due to over estimation of allelopathic response and variation in potential of receiver and donor species . Hence, allelopathic bioassays must consider the components of natural settings in order to generate ecologically rel iable information.
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Claims 16
Claim · model-written summary
Parthenium allelopathic activity varied with plant parts, concentration, test species and technique.
- Taxon
- parthenium
Partheniume0 - Outcome
- allelopathic activitye0
- Qualifier
- different plant parts of parthenium, extract concent rations, test species, and bioassay techniquese0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Pronounced variation was noticed for allelopathic activity of different plant parts of parthenium, extract concent rations, test species, and bioassay techniques.”
Claim · model-written summary
Parthenium extracts inhibited or delayed wild oat germination and suppressed seedling growth.
- Taxon
- wild oatt0
- Treatment
- Parthenium extractse0
- Interactor
- PartheniumPartheniume0other
- Outcome
- germinatione0
- Direction
- inhibited or delayede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Parthenium extracts either inhibited or delayed the germination and suppressed seedling growth of test species.”
t0“wild oat”
Claim · model-written summary
Parthenium extracts suppressed wild oat seedling growth.
- Taxon
- wild oatt0
- Treatment
- Parthenium extractse0
- Interactor
- PartheniumPartheniume0other
- Outcome
- seedling growthe0
- Direction
- suppressede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Parthenium extracts either inhibited or delayed the germination and suppressed seedling growth of test species.”
t0“wild oat”
Claim · model-written summary
Parthenium extracts inhibited or delayed canary grass germination.
- Taxon
- canary grass
Phalaris aquaticat0 - Treatment
- Parthenium extractse0
- Interactor
- PartheniumPartheniume0other
- Outcome
- germinatione0
- Direction
- inhibited or delayede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Parthenium extracts either inhibited or delayed the germination and suppressed seedling growth of test species.”
t0“canary grass”
Claim · model-written summary
Parthenium extracts suppressed canary grass seedling growth.
- Taxon
- canary grassPhalaris aquaticat0
- Treatment
- Parthenium extractse0
- Interactor
- PartheniumPartheniume0other
- Outcome
- seedling growthe0
- Direction
- suppressede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Parthenium extracts either inhibited or delayed the germination and suppressed seedling growth of test species.”
t0“canary grass”
Claim · model-written summary
Wild oat germination and growth attributes were more diminished in Petri plates than soil.
Verbatim
e0“Various germination and seedling growth attributes were diminished to a much greater extent in P etri plates than in soil.”
t0“wild oat”
Claim · model-written summary
Canary grass germination and growth attributes were more diminished in Petri plates than soil.
- Taxon
- canary grassPhalaris aquaticat0
- Treatment
- P etri platese0
- Outcome
- germination and seedling growth attributese0
- Direction
- diminished to a much greater extente0
- Comparator
- soile0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Various germination and seedling growth attributes were diminished to a much greater extent in P etri plates than in soil.”
t0“canary grass”
Claim · model-written summary
Leaf extracts suppressed wild oat germination more than whole plant and root extracts in both assays at all concentrations.
Verbatim
e0“Leaf extracts were more suppressive to germination of test species than whole plant and root extracts in both Petri plates and pot studies at all concentrations.”
t0“wild oat”
Claim · model-written summary
Leaf extracts suppressed canary grass germination more than whole plant and root extracts.
- Taxon
- canary grassPhalaris aquaticat0
- Treatment
- Leaf extractse0
- Outcome
- germinatione0
- Direction
- more suppressivee0
- Qualifier
- in both Petri plates and pot studies at all concentrationse0
- Comparator
- whole plant and root extractse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Leaf extracts were more suppressive to germination of test species than whole plant and root extracts in both Petri plates and pot studies at all concentrations.”
t0“canary grass”
Claim · model-written summary
Parthenium aqueous extracts produced highest chlorophyll inhibition in wild oat.
- Taxon
- wild oatt0
- Treatment
- aqueous extracts of partheniume0
- Outcome
- chlorophyll inhibitione0
- Direction
- Higheste0
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
e0“Highest chlorophyll inhibition coupled with enhanced tissue phenolic contents w as recorded by aqueous extracts of parthenium in both the test species.”
t0“wild oat”
Claim · model-written summary
Parthenium aqueous extracts enhanced wild oat tissue phenolics.
- Taxon
- wild oatt0
- Treatment
- aqueous extracts of partheniume0
- Outcome
- tissue phenolic contentse0
- Direction
- enhancede0
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
e0“Highest chlorophyll inhibition coupled with enhanced tissue phenolic contents w as recorded by aqueous extracts of parthenium in both the test species.”
t0“wild oat”
Claim · model-written summary
Parthenium aqueous extracts produced highest chlorophyll inhibition in canary grass.
- Taxon
- canary grassPhalaris aquaticat0
- Treatment
- aqueous extracts of partheniume0
- Outcome
- chlorophyll inhibitione0
- Direction
- Higheste0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Highest chlorophyll inhibition coupled with enhanced tissue phenolic contents w as recorded by aqueous extracts of parthenium in both the test species.”
t0“canary grass”
Claim · model-written summary
Parthenium aqueous extracts enhanced canary grass tissue phenolics.
- Taxon
- canary grassPhalaris aquaticat0
- Treatment
- aqueous extracts of partheniume0
- Outcome
- tissue phenolic contentse0
- Direction
- enhancede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Highest chlorophyll inhibition coupled with enhanced tissue phenolic contents w as recorded by aqueous extracts of parthenium in both the test species.”
t0“canary grass”
Claim · model-written summary
Canary grass was more susceptible than wild oat at all extract concentrations.
- Taxon
- Canary grassPhalaris aquaticae0
- Outcome
- more susceptiblee0
- Qualifier
- at all concentrations of aqueous extractse0
- Comparator
- wild oate0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Canary grass appeared to be more susceptible than wild oat at all concentrations of aqueous extracts.”
Claim · model-written summary
Controlled filter-paper bioassays may overestimate allelopathic responses.
Not reportedTaxonComparator
Verbatim
e0“bioassays conducted under controlled condition using filter paper as substratum may be misleading due to over estimation of allelopathic response and variation in potential of receiver and donor species .”
Claim · model-written summary
Allelopathic bioassays should include natural-setting components.
- Outcome
- consider the components of natural settingse0
Not reportedTaxon
Verbatim
e0“Hence, allelopathic bioassays must consider the components of natural settings in order to generate ecologically rel iable information.”
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Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.