Abstract
Most legumes in natural conditions form a symbiosis with arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi. AM fungi in saline soils have been reported to improve salinity tolerance and growth in plants. In the present study, interaction between mycorrhizal fungus, Glomus mosseae, and salinity stress in relation to plant growth, nitrogen fixation, and nutrient accumulation was evaluated in Cicer arietinum (L.) (chickpea). Two genotypes of chickpea (Pusa-329, salt tolerant, and Pusa-240, salt sensitive) were compared under different levels of salinity with and without mycorrhizal inoculations. Salt stress resulted in a noticeable decline in shoot and root dry matter accumulation, resulting in a decline in the shoot-to-root ratio (SRR) in all plants. However, Pusa-329 was found to be more tolerant to salinity than Pusa-240. AM plants exhibited better growth and biomass accumulation under stressed as well as unstressed conditions. Mycorrhizal infection (MI) was reduced with increasing salinity levels, but the mycorrhizal dependency (MD) increased, which was more evident in Pusa-240. Salinity resulted in a marked decline in the nodule dry weights, whereas a surge in the nodule number was recorded. Nitrogenase activity was reduced with increasing salt concentrations. AM plants had considerably higher nodule numbers, dry weights, and nitrogenase activity under both saline and nonsaline environments. Pusa-329 had a comparatively lower Na^+ concentration and higher K^+ and Ca^{2+} concentrations than Pusa-240. Although nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) contents declined with increasing salinity, Pusa-329 had higher levels of N and P as compared with Pusa-240. Plants inoculated with Glomus mosseae had better plant growth and nitrogen fixation under salt stress.
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Claims 14
Claim · model-written summary
Salinity reduced shoot and root dry matter and shoot to root ratio.
- Taxon
- Cicer arietinum (L.)
Cicer arietinumt0 - Treatment
- Salt stresse0
- Outcome
- shoot and root dry matter accumulatione0
- Direction
- declinee0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Salt stress resulted in a noticeable decline in shoot and root dry matter accumulation, resulting in a decline in the shoot-to-root ratio (SRR) in all plants.”
t0“Cicer arietinum (L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
Salinity reduced shoot to root ratio.
- Taxon
- Cicer arietinum (L.)Cicer arietinumt0
- Treatment
- Salt stresse0
- Outcome
- shoot-to-root ratio (SRR)e0
- Direction
- declinee0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Salt stress resulted in a noticeable decline in shoot and root dry matter accumulation, resulting in a decline in the shoot-to-root ratio (SRR) in all plants.”
t0“Cicer arietinum (L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
Pusa-329 was more salt tolerant than Pusa-240.
- Taxon
- Cicer arietinum (L.)Cicer arietinumt0
- Material
- Pusa-329e0
- Outcome
- tolerant to salinitye0
- Direction
- moree0
- Comparator
- Pusa-240e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Pusa-329 was found to be more tolerant to salinity than Pusa-240.”
t0“Cicer arietinum (L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
Mycorrhizal plants had better growth and biomass under both stress conditions.
- Taxon
- Cicer arietinum (L.)Cicer arietinumt0
- Treatment
- AM plantse0
- Interactor
- AMe0symbiont
- Outcome
- growth and biomass accumulatione0
- Direction
- bettere0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“AM plants exhibited better growth and biomass accumulation under stressed as well as unstressed conditions.”
t0“Cicer arietinum (L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
Mycorrhizal infection declined as salinity increased.
- Taxon
- Cicer arietinum (L.)Cicer arietinumt0
- Treatment
- increasing salinity levelse0
- Outcome
- Mycorrhizal infection (MI)e0
- Direction
- reducede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Mycorrhizal infection (MI) was reduced with increasing salinity levels”
t0“Cicer arietinum (L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
Mycorrhizal dependency increased with salinity, especially in Pusa-240.
- Taxon
- Cicer arietinum (L.)Cicer arietinumt0
- Material
- Pusa-240e0
- Outcome
- mycorrhizal dependency (MD)e0
- Direction
- increasede0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the mycorrhizal dependency (MD) increased, which was more evident in Pusa-240.”
t0“Cicer arietinum (L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
Salinity reduced nodule dry weight.
- Taxon
- Cicer arietinum (L.)Cicer arietinumt0
- Treatment
- Salinitye0
- Outcome
- nodule dry weightse0
- Direction
- declinee0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Salinity resulted in a marked decline in the nodule dry weights”
t0“Cicer arietinum (L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
Salinity increased nodule number.
- Taxon
- Cicer arietinum (L.)Cicer arietinumt0
- Outcome
- nodule numbere0
- Direction
- surgee0
Not reportedTreatmentComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“a surge in the nodule number was recorded”
t0“Cicer arietinum (L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
Nitrogenase activity declined as salt concentration rose.
- Taxon
- Cicer arietinum (L.)Cicer arietinumt0
- Treatment
- increasing salt concentrationse0
- Outcome
- Nitrogenase activitye0
- Direction
- reducede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Nitrogenase activity was reduced with increasing salt concentrations.”
t0“Cicer arietinum (L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
AM plants had higher nodule number and dry weight in saline and nonsaline conditions.
- Taxon
- Cicer arietinum (L.)Cicer arietinumt0
- Treatment
- AM plantse0
- Interactor
- AMe0symbiont
- Outcome
- nodule numbers, dry weights, and nitrogenase activitye0
- Direction
- highere0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“AM plants had considerably higher nodule numbers, dry weights, and nitrogenase activity under both saline and nonsaline environments.”
t0“Cicer arietinum (L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
Pusa-329 contained less sodium than Pusa-240.
- Taxon
- Cicer arietinum (L.)Cicer arietinumt0
- Material
- Pusa-329e0
- Outcome
- Na^+ concentratione0
- Direction
- lowere0
- Comparator
- Pusa-240e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Pusa-329 had a comparatively lower Na^+ concentration and higher K^+ and Ca^{2+} concentrations than Pusa-240.”
t0“Cicer arietinum (L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
Pusa-329 contained more potassium and calcium than Pusa-240.
- Taxon
- Cicer arietinum (L.)Cicer arietinumt0
- Material
- Pusa-329e0
- Outcome
- K^+ and Ca^{2+} concentrationse0
- Direction
- highere0
- Comparator
- Pusa-240e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Pusa-329 had a comparatively lower Na^+ concentration and higher K^+ and Ca^{2+} concentrations than Pusa-240.”
t0“Cicer arietinum (L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
Nitrogen and phosphorus contents declined as salinity increased.
- Taxon
- Cicer arietinum (L.)Cicer arietinumt0
- Treatment
- increasing salinitye0
- Outcome
- nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) contentse0
- Direction
- declinede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) contents declined with increasing salinity”
t0“Cicer arietinum (L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
Pusa-329 retained more nitrogen and phosphorus than Pusa-240.
- Taxon
- Cicer arietinum (L.)Cicer arietinumt0
- Material
- Pusa-329e0
- Outcome
- levels of N and Pe0
- Direction
- highere0
- Comparator
- Pusa-240e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Pusa-329 had higher levels of N and P as compared with Pusa-240.”
t0“Cicer arietinum (L.)”
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