Abstract
The potential of the biocontrol agent Trichoderma harzianum T-203 to trigger plant defense responses was investigated by inoculating roots of cucumber seedlings with Trichoderma in an aseptic, hydroponic system. Trichoderma-treated plants were more developed than nontreated plants throughout the experiment. Electron microscopy of ultrathin sections from Trichoderma-treated roots revealed penetration of Trichoderma into the roots, restricted mainly to the epidermis and outer cortex. Strengthening of the epidermal and cortical cell walls was observed, as was the deposition of newly formed barriers. These typical host reactions were found beyond the sites of potential fungal penetration. Wall appositions contained large amounts of callose and infiltrations of cellulose. The wall-bound chitin in Trichoderma hyphae was preserved, even when the hyphae had undergone substantial disorganization. Biochemical analyses revealed that inoculation with Trichoderma initiated increased peroxidase and chitinase activities within 48 and 72 h, respectively. These results were observed for both the roots and the leaves of treated seedlings, providing evidence that T. harzianum may induce systemic resistance mechanisms in cucumber plants.
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Claims 9
Claim · model-written summary
Trichoderma-treated cucumber plants developed more than untreated plants.
- Taxon
- Cucumber Plants
Cucumis sativust0 - Treatment
- Trichoderma-treatede0
- Outcome
- more developede0
- Direction
- more developede0
- Comparator
- nontreated plantse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Cucumber Plants ( Cucumis sativus L.)”
e0“Trichoderma-treated plants were more developed than nontreated plants throughout the experiment.”
Claim · model-written summary
Trichoderma penetrated cucumber roots mainly in the epidermis and outer cortex.
- Taxon
- Cucumber PlantsCucumis sativust0
- Organ / stage
- epidermis and outer cortexe0
- Interactor
- Trichoderma
Trichodermae0biocontrol_agent - Outcome
- penetration of Trichoderma into the rootse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Cucumber Plants ( Cucumis sativus L.)”
e0“penetration of Trichoderma into the roots, restricted mainly to the epidermis and outer cortex”
Claim · model-written summary
Cucumber root epidermal and cortical cell walls strengthened and new barriers formed.
- Taxon
- Cucumber PlantsCucumis sativust0
- Outcome
- Strengthening of the epidermal and cortical cell wallse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Cucumber Plants ( Cucumis sativus L.)”
e0“Strengthening of the epidermal and cortical cell walls was observed, as was the deposition of newly formed barriers.”
Claim · model-written summary
Cucumber host reactions occurred beyond possible fungal penetration sites.
- Taxon
- Cucumber PlantsCucumis sativust0
- Outcome
- host reactionse0
- Qualifier
- beyond the sites of potential fungal penetratione0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Cucumber Plants ( Cucumis sativus L.)”
e0“These typical host reactions were found beyond the sites of potential fungal penetration.”
Claim · model-written summary
Cucumber wall appositions contained much callose and cellulose infiltrations.
- Taxon
- Cucumber PlantsCucumis sativust0
- Organ / stage
- Wall appositionse0
- Outcome
- large amounts of callose and infiltrations of cellulosee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Cucumber Plants ( Cucumis sativus L.)”
e0“Wall appositions contained large amounts of callose and infiltrations of cellulose.”
Claim · model-written summary
Wall-bound chitin persisted in Trichoderma hyphae even after substantial disorganization.
- Taxon
- Cucumber PlantsCucumis sativust0
- Interactor
- TrichodermaTrichodermae0biocontrol_agent
- Outcome
- wall-bound chitin in Trichoderma hyphae was preservede0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Cucumber Plants ( Cucumis sativus L.)”
e0“The wall-bound chitin in Trichoderma hyphae was preserved, even when the hyphae had undergone substantial disorganization.”
Claim · model-written summary
Trichoderma inoculation increased cucumber peroxidase activity within 48 hours.
- Taxon
- Cucumber PlantsCucumis sativust0
- Treatment
- inoculation with Trichodermae0
- Interactor
- TrichodermaTrichodermae0biocontrol_agent
- Outcome
- peroxidasee0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 48e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Cucumber Plants ( Cucumis sativus L.)”
e0“inoculation with Trichoderma initiated increased peroxidase and chitinase activities within 48 and 72 h, respectively”
Claim · model-written summary
Trichoderma inoculation increased cucumber chitinase activity within 72 hours.
- Taxon
- Cucumber PlantsCucumis sativust0
- Treatment
- inoculation with Trichodermae0
- Interactor
- TrichodermaTrichodermae0biocontrol_agent
- Outcome
- chitinase activitiese0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 72 he0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Cucumber Plants ( Cucumis sativus L.)”
e0“inoculation with Trichoderma initiated increased peroxidase and chitinase activities within 48 and 72 h, respectively”
Claim · model-written summary
The increased defense enzyme activities occurred in both cucumber roots and leaves.
- Taxon
- Cucumber PlantsCucumis sativust0
- Organ / stage
- both the roots and the leavese0
- Outcome
- These resultse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Cucumber Plants ( Cucumis sativus L.)”
e0“These results were observed for both the roots and the leaves of treated seedlings”
The same questions in other papers
Trichoderma · physiology: antioxidant enzymes · Cucumis sativus (cucumber)Results agree
1 paper in the same direction as this paper
- positive
inoculation · physiology: antioxidant enzymes · Cucumis sativus (cucumber)Results agree
21 papers in the same direction as this paper
- positive
- positive
- positive
18 papers more in this group
See all 22 papers →Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.