Abstract
Plant survival in the terrestrial ecosystem is influenced by both beneficial and harmful microbes. Trichoderma spp. are a group of filamentous fungi that promote plant growth and resistance to harmful microbes. Previously, we showed that the genus Trichoderma could effectively suppress Fusarium wilt in cucumber. However, the mechanisms that underlie the effects of the genus Trichoderma on plant defense have not been fully substantiated. Two essential metabolic pathways, such as the ascorbate (AsA)-glutathione (GSH) cycle and the oxidative pentose phosphate pathway (OPPP), have been shown to participate in plant tolerance to biotic stressors; nevertheless, the involvement of these pathways in Trichoderma-induced enhanced defense remains elusive. Here, we show that Trichoderma harzianum could alleviate oxidative and nitrostative stress by minimizing reactive oxygen species (ROS; hydrogen peroxide and superoxide) and reactive nitrogen species (nitric oxide [NO]) accumulation, respectively, under Fusarium oxysporum infection in cucumber roots. The genus Trichoderma enhanced antioxidant potential to counterbalance the overproduced ROS and attenuated the transcript and activity of NO synthase and nitrate reductase. The genus Trichoderma also stimulated S-nitrosylated glutathione reductase activity and reduced S-nitrosothiol and S-nitrosylated glutathione content. Furthermore, the genus Trichoderma enhanced AsA and GSH concentrations and activated their biosynthetic enzymes, γ-GCS and l-galactono-1,4-lactone dehydrogenase. Interestingly, the genus Trichoderma alleviated Fusarium-inhibited activity of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase and 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase, enzymes involved in the OPPP. Such positive regulation of the key enzymes indicates the adequate maintenance of the AsA-GSH pathway and the OPPP, which potentially contributed to improve redox balance, energy flow, and defense response. Our study advances the current knowledge of Trichoderma-induced enhanced defense against F. oxysporum in cucumber.
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Claims 10
Claim · model-written summary
Trichoderma harzianum reduced accumulation of reactive oxygen species (hydrogen peroxide and superoxide) in cucumber roots under Fusarium oxysporum infection.
- Taxon
- cucumber
Cucumis sativuse1 - Organ / stage
- rootse1
- Treatment
- Trichoderma harzianume1
- Interactor
- Fusarium oxysporum
_(Fusarium_oxysporum_f.sp._batatas)_1234227-PPT-Clemson_University.jpg?width=60)
Fusarium oxysporume1pathogen - Second interactor
- Trichoderma harzianum
Trichoderma harzianume1biocontrol_agent - Outcome
- reactive oxygen species (ROS; hydrogen peroxide and superoxide)e1
- Direction
- minimizinge1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
_(Fusarium_oxysporum_f.sp._batatas)_1234227-PPT-Clemson_University.jpg?width=500)
Verbatim
e1“Trichoderma harzianum could alleviate oxidative and nitrostative stress by minimizing reactive oxygen species (ROS; hydrogen peroxide and superoxide) and reactive nitrogen species (nitric oxide [NO]) accumulation, respectively, under Fusarium oxysporum infection in cucumber roots”
Claim · model-written summary
Trichoderma harzianum reduced accumulation of reactive nitrogen species (nitric oxide) in cucumber roots under Fusarium oxysporum infection.
- Taxon
- cucumberCucumis sativuse1
- Organ / stage
- rootse1
- Treatment
- Trichoderma harzianume1
- Interactor
- Fusarium oxysporumFusarium oxysporume1pathogen
- Second interactor
- Trichoderma harzianumTrichoderma harzianume1biocontrol_agent
- Outcome
- reactive nitrogen species (nitric oxide [NO])e1
- Direction
- minimizinge1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“Trichoderma harzianum could alleviate oxidative and nitrostative stress by minimizing reactive oxygen species (ROS; hydrogen peroxide and superoxide) and reactive nitrogen species (nitric oxide [NO]) accumulation, respectively, under Fusarium oxysporum infection in cucumber roots”
Claim · model-written summary
Trichoderma enhanced antioxidant potential in cucumber roots to counterbalance overproduced ROS.
- Taxon
- CucumberCucumis sativust0
- Organ / stage
- Rootst0
- Treatment
- Trichodermae2
- Interactor
- TrichodermaTrichodermae2biocontrol_agent
- Outcome
- antioxidant potentiale2
- Direction
- enhancede2
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e2“The genus Trichoderma enhanced antioxidant potential”
t0“Cucumber Roots”
Claim · model-written summary
Trichoderma attenuated the transcript and activity of NO synthase and nitrate reductase in cucumber roots.
- Taxon
- CucumberCucumis sativust0
- Organ / stage
- Rootst0
- Treatment
- Trichodermae3
- Interactor
- TrichodermaTrichodermae3biocontrol_agent
- Gene
- NO synthase and nitrate reductasee3
- Outcome
- transcript and activitye3
- Direction
- attenuatede3
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e3“The genus Trichoderma enhanced antioxidant potential to counterbalance the overproduced ROS and attenuated the transcript and activity of NO synthase and nitrate reductase”
t0“Cucumber Roots”
Claim · model-written summary
Trichoderma stimulated S-nitrosylated glutathione reductase activity in cucumber roots.
- Taxon
- CucumberCucumis sativust0
- Organ / stage
- Rootst0
- Treatment
- Trichodermae4
- Interactor
- TrichodermaTrichodermae4biocontrol_agent
- Outcome
- S-nitrosylated glutathione reductase activitye4
- Direction
- stimulatede4
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e4“The genus Trichoderma also stimulated S-nitrosylated glutathione reductase activity”
t0“Cucumber Roots”
Claim · model-written summary
Trichoderma reduced S-nitrosothiol and S-nitrosylated glutathione content in cucumber roots.
- Taxon
- CucumberCucumis sativust0
- Organ / stage
- Rootst0
- Treatment
- Trichodermae4
- Interactor
- TrichodermaTrichodermae4biocontrol_agent
- Outcome
- S-nitrosothiol and S-nitrosylated glutathione contente5
- Direction
- reducede5
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e5“reduced S-nitrosothiol and S-nitrosylated glutathione content”
e4“The genus Trichoderma also stimulated”
t0“Cucumber Roots”
Claim · model-written summary
Trichoderma enhanced ascorbate (AsA) and glutathione (GSH) concentrations in cucumber roots.
- Taxon
- CucumberCucumis sativust0
- Organ / stage
- Rootst0
- Treatment
- Trichodermae6
- Interactor
- TrichodermaTrichodermae6biocontrol_agent
- Outcome
- AsA and GSH concentrationse6
- Direction
- enhancede6
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e6“the genus Trichoderma enhanced AsA and GSH concentrations”
t0“Cucumber Roots”
Claim · model-written summary
Trichoderma activated the AsA and GSH biosynthetic enzymes gamma-GCS and l-galactono-1,4-lactone dehydrogenase in cucumber roots.
- Taxon
- CucumberCucumis sativust0
- Organ / stage
- Rootst0
- Treatment
- Trichodermae6
- Interactor
- TrichodermaTrichodermae6biocontrol_agent
- Gene
- γ-GCS and l-galactono-1,4-lactone dehydrogenasee7
- Outcome
- biosynthetic enzymese7
- Direction
- activatede7
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e7“activated their biosynthetic enzymes, γ-GCS and l-galactono-1,4-lactone dehydrogenase”
e6“the genus Trichoderma enhanced”
t0“Cucumber Roots”
Claim · model-written summary
Trichoderma alleviated the Fusarium-inhibited activity of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase and 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase (OPPP enzymes) in cucumber roots.
- Taxon
- CucumberCucumis sativust0
- Organ / stage
- Rootst0
- Treatment
- Trichodermae1
- Second interactor
- TrichodermaTrichodermae1biocontrol_agent
- Gene
- glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase and 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenasee1
- Outcome
- activitye1
- Direction
- alleviatede1
FusariumNot reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“the genus Trichoderma alleviated Fusarium-inhibited activity of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase and 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase”
t0“Cucumber Roots”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors interpret the positive regulation of the key enzymes as adequate maintenance of the AsA-GSH pathway and the OPPP, which potentially contributed to improved redox balance, energy flow and defense response.
- Taxon
- CucumberCucumis sativust0
- Organ / stage
- Rootst0
- Outcome
- redox balance, energy flow, and defense responsee1
- Qualifier
- adequate maintenance of the AsA-GSH pathway and the OPPPe1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“indicates the adequate maintenance of the AsA-GSH pathway and the OPPP, which potentially contributed to improve redox balance, energy flow, and defense response”
t0“Cucumber Roots”
The same questions in other papers
Trichoderma harzianum · Fusarium oxysporum · Cucumis sativus (cucumber)Results agree
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- positive
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Trichoderma · physiology: antioxidant enzymes · Cucumis sativus (cucumber)Results agree
1 paper in the same direction as this paper
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Trichoderma · physiology: enzyme activity · Cucumis sativus (cucumber)Results agree
1 paper in the same direction as this paper
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Trichoderma · Fusarium · Cucumis sativus (cucumber)Results agree
5 papers in the same direction as this paper
- positive
- positive
- positive
2 papers more in this group
See all 6 papers →Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.