Abstract
Peanuts grown under dryland conditions where drought stress occurred accumulated more aflatoxin before digging than peanuts grown under irrigation. Kernels became more susceptible to Aspergillus flavus and A. parasiticus invasion when the soil moisture in the pod zone approached levels at which moisture moved from the pod into the soil and the kernel moisture dropped below 31%. Isolation frequencies of these aspergilli from fresh-dug kernels were lowest in 1968 (maximum of 3%). In 1967 and 1969, maximum percentages of 100 and 74, respectively, were noted. Kernel infestation was correlated with degree of aflatoxin contamination. Dryland fresh-dug kernels contained a maximum of 35,800 parts per billion aflatoxin while a maximum of 50 parts per billion was detected in kernels from irrigated plots. In 1969 A. flavus infestation was as high as 59% in peanuts from irrigated plots; however, no aflatoxin was detected. Absence of aflatoxin in these samples is attributed to the higher kernel moisture content which reduced the aflatoxin-producing potential of A. flavus. Statistical analysis of the data revealed no significant differences in degree of fungal infestation, production levels, and grade factors between any fungicide treatments.
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Claims 12
Claim · model-written summary
Peanuts grown dryland under drought stress accumulated more aflatoxin before digging than irrigated peanuts.
- Taxon
- Peanuts
Arachis hypogaeae0 - Treatment
- dryland conditions where drought stress occurrede0
- Outcome
- aflatoxine0
- Direction
- moree0
- Comparator
- peanuts grown under irrigatione0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Peanuts grown under dryland conditions where drought stress occurred accumulated more aflatoxin before digging than peanuts grown under irrigation”
Claim · model-written summary
Peanut kernels became more susceptible to Aspergillus flavus and A. parasiticus invasion when pod-zone soil moisture fell to levels where moisture moved from pod to soil and kernel moisture dropped below 31%.
- Taxon
- PeanutsArachis hypogaeat0
- Organ / stage
- Kernelse0
- Interactor
- Aspergillus flavus
Aspergillus flavuse0pathogen - Second interactor
- A. parasiticus
Aspergillus parasiticuse0pathogen - Outcome
- susceptible to Aspergillus flavus and A. parasiticus invasione0
- Direction
- moree0
- Qualifier
- kernel moisture dropped below 31%e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Kernels became more susceptible to Aspergillus flavus and A. parasiticus invasion when the soil moisture in the pod zone approached levels at which moisture moved from the pod into the soil and the kernel moisture dropped below 31%”
t0“Peanuts”
Claim · model-written summary
Isolation frequencies of aspergilli from fresh-dug peanut kernels were lowest in 1968, with a maximum of 3%.
- Taxon
- PeanutsArachis hypogaeat0
- Organ / stage
- fresh-dug kernelse0
- Interactor
- aspergillie0pathogen
- Outcome
- Isolation frequencies of these aspergillie0
- Value
- 3%e0
- Qualifier
- lowest in 1968e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Isolation frequencies of these aspergilli from fresh-dug kernels were lowest in 1968 (maximum of 3%)”
t0“Peanuts”
Claim · model-written summary
Maximum isolation frequency of aspergilli from peanut kernels in 1967 was 100%.
- Taxon
- PeanutsArachis hypogaeat0
- Interactor
- aspergillie0pathogen
- Outcome
- Isolation frequencies of these aspergillie0
- Value
- 100e1
- Qualifier
- In 1967e1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Isolation frequencies of these aspergilli from fresh-dug kernels were lowest in 1968 (maximum of 3%)”
e1“In 1967 and 1969, maximum percentages of 100 and 74, respectively, were noted”
t0“Peanuts”
Claim · model-written summary
Maximum isolation frequency of aspergilli from peanut kernels in 1969 was 74%.
- Taxon
- PeanutsArachis hypogaeat0
- Interactor
- aspergillie0pathogen
- Outcome
- Isolation frequencies of these aspergillie0
- Value
- 74e1
- Qualifier
- 1969e1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Isolation frequencies of these aspergilli from fresh-dug kernels were lowest in 1968 (maximum of 3%)”
e1“In 1967 and 1969, maximum percentages of 100 and 74, respectively, were noted”
t0“Peanuts”
Claim · model-written summary
Kernel infestation by Aspergillus was correlated with the degree of aflatoxin contamination in peanuts.
- Taxon
- PeanutsArachis hypogaeat0
- Organ / stage
- Kernele0
- Outcome
- degree of aflatoxin contaminatione0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Kernel infestation was correlated with degree of aflatoxin contamination”
t0“Peanuts”
Claim · model-written summary
Dryland fresh-dug peanut kernels contained a maximum of 35,800 parts per billion aflatoxin.
- Taxon
- PeanutsArachis hypogaeat0
- Organ / stage
- fresh-dug kernelse0
- Outcome
- aflatoxine0
- Value
- 35,800 parts per billione0
- Setting
- Drylande0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Dryland fresh-dug kernels contained a maximum of 35,800 parts per billion aflatoxin while a maximum of 50 parts per billion was detected in kernels from irrigated plots”
t0“Peanuts”
Claim · model-written summary
Kernels from irrigated plots had a maximum of 50 parts per billion aflatoxin.
- Taxon
- PeanutsArachis hypogaeat0
- Organ / stage
- kernelse0
- Outcome
- aflatoxine0
- Value
- 50 parts per billione0
- Setting
- irrigated plotse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Dryland fresh-dug kernels contained a maximum of 35,800 parts per billion aflatoxin while a maximum of 50 parts per billion was detected in kernels from irrigated plots”
t0“Peanuts”
Claim · model-written summary
In 1969, A. flavus infestation reached as high as 59% in peanuts from irrigated plots.
- Taxon
- PeanutsArachis hypogaeat0
- Interactor
- A. flavusAspergillus flavuse0pathogen
- Outcome
- A. flavus infestatione0
- Value
- 59%e0
- Setting
- irrigated plotse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“In 1969 A. flavus infestation was as high as 59% in peanuts from irrigated plots; however, no aflatoxin was detected”
t0“Peanuts”
Claim · model-written summary
No aflatoxin was detected in the 1969 irrigated-plot peanuts despite the A. flavus infestation.
- Taxon
- PeanutsArachis hypogaeat0
- Interactor
- A. flavusAspergillus flavuse0pathogen
- Outcome
- no aflatoxin was detectede0
- Setting
- irrigated plotse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“In 1969 A. flavus infestation was as high as 59% in peanuts from irrigated plots; however, no aflatoxin was detected”
t0“Peanuts”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors attribute the absence of aflatoxin in these samples to higher kernel moisture content reducing the aflatoxin-producing potential of A. flavus.
- Taxon
- PeanutsArachis hypogaeat0
- Interactor
- A. flavusAspergillus flavuse0pathogen
- Outcome
- Absence of aflatoxine0
- Qualifier
- higher kernel moisture contente0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Absence of aflatoxin in these samples is attributed to the higher kernel moisture content which reduced the aflatoxin-producing potential of A. flavus”
t0“Peanuts”
Claim · model-written summary
No significant differences in fungal infestation, production levels or grade factors were found between fungicide treatments in peanuts.
- Taxon
- PeanutsArachis hypogaeat0
- Treatment
- fungicide treatmentse0
- Outcome
- degree of fungal infestation, production levels, and grade factorse0
- Direction
- no significant differencese0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Statistical analysis of the data revealed no significant differences in degree of fungal infestation, production levels, and grade factors between any fungicide treatments”
t0“Peanuts”
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See all 13 papers →Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.