Abstract
Proper application of nitrogen (N) fertilizers and irrigation management are important production practices that can reduce nitrate leaching into groundwater and improve the N use efficiency (NUE). A lysimeter/rain shelter facility was used to study effects of the rate of N fertilization, type of N fertilizer, and irrigation level on key aspects of winter wheat production over three growing seasons (response variables were nitrate transport, N leaching, and NUE). Results indicated that nitrate concentration in the soil profile and N leaching increased with the rate of N fertilization. At the end of the third season, nitrate concentration in the top 0–75 cm layer of soil was higher with manure treatment while urea treatments resulted in higher concentrations in the 100–200 cm layer. With normal irrigation, 3.4 to 15.3% of N from applied fertilizer was leached from the soil, yet no leaching occurred under a stress irrigation treatment. The manure treatment experienced less N leaching than the urea treatment in all cases except for the 180 kg N ha−1 rate in 2011–2012 (season 3). In terms of grain yield (GY), dry matter (DM) or NUE parameters, values for the manure treatment were lower than for the urea treatment in 2009–2010 (season 1), yet were otherwise higher for urea treatment in season 3. GY and crop nitrogen uptake (NU) were elevated when the rate of N fertilizer increased, while the NUE decreased; GY, DM, and NU increased with the amount of irrigation. Data indicated that reduced rates of N fertilization combined with increased manure application and proper irrigation management can lower nitrate levels in the subsoil and reduce potential N leaching into groundwater.
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Claims 12
Claim · model-written summary
Nitrate concentration in the soil profile and N leaching increased with the rate of N fertilization in winter wheat lysimeters.
- Taxon
- winter wheat
Triticum aestivumt0 - Treatment
- rate of N fertilizatione0
- Outcome
- nitrate concentration in the soil profile and N leachinge0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“winter wheat”
e0“nitrate concentration in the soil profile and N leaching increased with the rate of N fertilization”
Claim · model-written summary
With normal irrigation, 3.4 to 15.3% of the N from applied fertilizer was leached from the soil in winter wheat lysimeters.
- Taxon
- winter wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- normal irrigatione1
- Outcome
- N from applied fertilizer was leached from the soile1
- Value
- 3.4 to 15.3%e1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“winter wheat”
e1“With normal irrigation, 3.4 to 15.3% of N from applied fertilizer was leached from the soil”
Claim · model-written summary
No N leaching occurred under the stress irrigation treatment.
- Taxon
- winter wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- stress irrigation treatmente2
- Outcome
- no leaching occurrede2
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“winter wheat”
e2“no leaching occurred under a stress irrigation treatment”
Claim · model-written summary
At the end of the third season, nitrate concentration in the top 0–75 cm soil layer was higher with the manure treatment.
- Taxon
- winter wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- manure treatmente3
- Outcome
- nitrate concentration in the top 0–75 cm layer of soile3
- Direction
- highere3
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“winter wheat”
e3“nitrate concentration in the top 0–75 cm layer of soil was higher with manure treatment”
Claim · model-written summary
At the end of the third season, urea treatments resulted in higher nitrate concentrations in the 100–200 cm soil layer.
- Taxon
- winter wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- urea treatmentse4
- Outcome
- concentrations in the 100–200 cm layere4
- Direction
- highere4
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“winter wheat”
e4“urea treatments resulted in higher concentrations in the 100–200 cm layer”
Claim · model-written summary
The manure treatment had less N leaching than the urea treatment in all cases except the 180 kg N ha−1 rate in 2011–2012 (season 3).
- Taxon
- winter wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- manure treatmente5
- Outcome
- N leachinge5
- Direction
- lesse5
- Qualifier
- all cases except for the 180 kg N ha−1 rate in 2011–2012 (season 3)e5
- Comparator
- urea treatmente5
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“winter wheat”
e5“The manure treatment experienced less N leaching than the urea treatment in all cases except for the 180 kg N ha−1 rate in 2011–2012 (season 3)”
Claim · model-written summary
In 2009–2010 (season 1), grain yield, dry matter and NUE parameters were lower with the manure treatment than with the urea treatment.
- Taxon
- winter wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- manure treatmente6
- Outcome
- grain yield (GY), dry matter (DM) or NUE parameterse6
- Direction
- lowere6
- Qualifier
- 2009–2010 (season 1)e6
- Comparator
- urea treatmente6
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“winter wheat”
e6“In terms of grain yield (GY), dry matter (DM) or NUE parameters, values for the manure treatment were lower than for the urea treatment in 2009–2010 (season 1)”
Claim · model-written summary
Otherwise (in season 3), grain yield, dry matter and NUE parameters were higher with the urea treatment.
- Taxon
- winter wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- urea treatmente7
- Outcome
- grain yield (GY), dry matter (DM) or NUE parameterse6
- Direction
- highere7
- Qualifier
- season 3e7
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“winter wheat”
e6“In terms of grain yield (GY), dry matter (DM) or NUE parameters, values for the manure treatment were lower than for the urea treatment in 2009–2010 (season 1)”
e7“yet were otherwise higher for urea treatment in season 3”
Claim · model-written summary
Grain yield and crop nitrogen uptake were elevated when the rate of N fertilizer increased.
- Taxon
- winter wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- rate of N fertilizere0
- Outcome
- GY and crop nitrogen uptake (NU)e0
- Direction
- elevatede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“winter wheat”
e0“GY and crop nitrogen uptake (NU) were elevated when the rate of N fertilizer increased, while the NUE decreased”
Claim · model-written summary
N use efficiency decreased when the rate of N fertilizer increased.
- Taxon
- winter wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- rate of N fertilizere1
- Outcome
- NUEe1
- Direction
- decreasede1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“winter wheat”
e1“GY and crop nitrogen uptake (NU) were elevated when the rate of N fertilizer increased, while the NUE decreased”
Claim · model-written summary
Grain yield, dry matter and crop nitrogen uptake increased with the amount of irrigation.
- Taxon
- winter wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- amount of irrigatione2
- Outcome
- GY, DM, and NUe2
- Direction
- increasede2
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“winter wheat”
e2“GY, DM, and NU increased with the amount of irrigation”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors conclude that reduced N fertilization rates combined with increased manure application and proper irrigation management can lower subsoil nitrate and reduce potential N leaching into groundwater.
- Taxon
- winter wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Outcome
- reduced rates of N fertilization combined with increased manure application and proper irrigation managemente3
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“winter wheat”
e3“reduced rates of N fertilization combined with increased manure application and proper irrigation management can lower nitrate levels in the subsoil and reduce potential N leaching into groundwater”
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