Abstract
Leafy spurge (Euphorbia esula L.) control by herbicides can vary from year to year due to changing environmental conditions. Data from leafy spurge control experimental and demonstrational plots with 2,4-D[(2,4-dichlorophenoxy)acetic acid], dicamba (3,6-dichloro-o-anisic acid), picloram (4-amino-3,5,6-trichloropicolinic acid) and glyphosate [N-(phosphonomethyl)glycine] were combined from 1963 through 1982. The amine and ester formulations of 2,4-D provided similar leafy spurge control. 2,4-D at rates up to 4.5 kg/ha provided less than 40% control after 1 year, and annual (spring or fall) or biannual (spring and fall) 2,4-D applications did not increase leafy spurge control. Dicamba was most effective as a liquid formulation when spring applied and as a granular formulation when fall applied. Dicamba at 9.0 kg/ha was required for satisfactory leafy spurge control for 1 year. Picloram at 2.2 kg/ha gave over 90% control of leafy spurge for 2 growing seasons regardless of formulation or time of application. Synergistic weed control was observed when 2,4-D at 1.1 kg/ha or less was applied with dicamba or picloram at 0.6 kg/ha or less. These synergistic herbicide combinations are economical on many pasture and rangeland sites infested with leafy spurge. Fall-applied glyphosate at 0.8 kg/ha or more gave good control of established leafy spurge for 1 year in shelterbelts and as a spot treatment.
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Claims 10
Claim · model-written summary
2,4-D at rates up to 4.5 kg/ha provided less than 40% leafy spurge control after 1 year.
- Taxon
- Euphorbia esula
Euphorbia esulae0 - Treatment
- 2,4-D at rates up to 4.5 kg/hae1
- Outcome
- controle1
- Direction
- less thane1
- Value
- 40%e1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Leafy spurge (Euphorbia esula L.) control by herbicides can vary from year to year due to changing environmental conditions”
e1“2,4-D at rates up to 4.5 kg/ha provided less than 40% control after 1 year”
Claim · model-written summary
Annual or biannual 2,4-D applications did not increase leafy spurge control.
- Taxon
- Euphorbia esulaEuphorbia esulae0
- Treatment
- annual (spring or fall) or biannual (spring and fall) 2,4-D applicationse2
- Outcome
- leafy spurge controle2
- Direction
- did not increasee2
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Leafy spurge (Euphorbia esula L.) control by herbicides can vary from year to year due to changing environmental conditions”
e2“annual (spring or fall) or biannual (spring and fall) 2,4-D applications did not increase leafy spurge control”
Claim · model-written summary
Dicamba was most effective as a liquid formulation when spring applied, compared with the granular formulation when fall applied.
- Taxon
- Euphorbia esulaEuphorbia esulae0
- Treatment
- liquid formulation when spring appliede3
- Outcome
- most effectivee3
- Direction
- most effectivee3
- Comparator
- granular formulation when fall appliede3
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Leafy spurge (Euphorbia esula L.) control by herbicides can vary from year to year due to changing environmental conditions”
e3“Dicamba was most effective as a liquid formulation when spring applied and as a granular formulation when fall applied”
Claim · model-written summary
Dicamba was most effective as a granular formulation when fall applied, compared with the liquid formulation when spring applied.
- Taxon
- Euphorbia esulaEuphorbia esulae0
- Treatment
- granular formulation when fall appliede3
- Outcome
- most effectivee3
- Direction
- most effectivee3
- Comparator
- liquid formulation when spring appliede3
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Leafy spurge (Euphorbia esula L.) control by herbicides can vary from year to year due to changing environmental conditions”
e3“Dicamba was most effective as a liquid formulation when spring applied and as a granular formulation when fall applied”
Claim · model-written summary
Dicamba at 9.0 kg/ha was required for satisfactory leafy spurge control for 1 year.
- Taxon
- Euphorbia esulaEuphorbia esulae0
- Treatment
- Dicamba at 9.0 kg/hae4
- Outcome
- satisfactory leafy spurge control for 1 yeare4
- Direction
- requirede4
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Leafy spurge (Euphorbia esula L.) control by herbicides can vary from year to year due to changing environmental conditions”
e4“Dicamba at 9.0 kg/ha was required for satisfactory leafy spurge control for 1 year”
Claim · model-written summary
Picloram at 2.2 kg/ha gave over 90% leafy spurge control for 2 growing seasons regardless of formulation or time of application.
- Taxon
- Euphorbia esulaEuphorbia esulae0
- Treatment
- Picloram at 2.2 kg/hae5
- Outcome
- control of leafy spurgee5
- Direction
- higherinferrede5
- Value
- over 90%e5
- Qualifier
- for 2 growing seasonse5
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Leafy spurge (Euphorbia esula L.) control by herbicides can vary from year to year due to changing environmental conditions”
e5“Picloram at 2.2 kg/ha gave over 90% control of leafy spurge for 2 growing seasons regardless of formulation or time of application”
Claim · model-written summary
Synergistic weed control was observed when 2,4-D at 1.1 kg/ha or less was applied with dicamba or picloram at 0.6 kg/ha or less.
- Taxon
- Euphorbia esulaEuphorbia esulae0
- Treatment
- 2,4-D at 1.1 kg/ha or less was applied with dicamba or picloram at 0.6 kg/ha or lesse6
- Outcome
- Synergistic weed controle6
- Direction
- Synergistice6
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Leafy spurge (Euphorbia esula L.) control by herbicides can vary from year to year due to changing environmental conditions”
e6“Synergistic weed control was observed when 2,4-D at 1.1 kg/ha or less was applied with dicamba or picloram at 0.6 kg/ha or less”
Claim · model-written summary
The amine and ester formulations of 2,4-D gave similar leafy spurge control.
- Taxon
- Euphorbia esulaEuphorbia esulae0
- Treatment
- amine and ester formulations of 2,4-De7
- Outcome
- leafy spurge controle7
- Direction
- similare7
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Leafy spurge (Euphorbia esula L.) control by herbicides can vary from year to year due to changing environmental conditions”
e7“The amine and ester formulations of 2,4-D provided similar leafy spurge control”
Claim · model-written summary
The synergistic herbicide combinations are economical on pasture and rangeland sites infested with leafy spurge.
- Taxon
- leafy spurgeEuphorbia esulae1
- Outcome
- economicale1
- Setting
- pasture and rangeland sitese1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“These synergistic herbicide combinations are economical on many pasture and rangeland sites infested with leafy spurge”
Claim · model-written summary
Fall-applied glyphosate at 0.8 kg/ha or more gave good control of established leafy spurge for 1 year in shelterbelts.
- Taxon
- Euphorbia esulaEuphorbia esulae0
- Treatment
- Fall-applied glyphosate at 0.8 kg/ha or moree1
- Outcome
- control of established leafy spurgee1
- Direction
- increaseinferrede1
- Qualifier
- for 1 yeare1
- Setting
- shelterbeltse1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Leafy spurge (Euphorbia esula L.) control by herbicides can vary from year to year due to changing environmental conditions”
e1“Fall-applied glyphosate at 0.8 kg/ha or more gave good control of established leafy spurge for 1 year in shelterbelts and as a spot treatment”
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dicamba · control · Euphorbia esula (leafy spurge)Results agree
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glyphosate · control · Euphorbia esula (leafy spurge)Results agree
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See all 17 papers →Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.