Abstract
The results of recent studies indicate that expression of some plant nuclear genes depends on functional state of mitochondria and chloroplasts. We have demonstrated that expression of gdh2 gene encoding beta-subunit of mitochondrial glutamate dehydrogenase depends on a redox state of mitochondrial respiratory chain. Treatment of Arabidopsis thaliana cell culture with respiratory complex III inhibitor antimycin A or complex IV inhibitor KCN led to rapid increase of gdh2 transcript content. Complex I inhibition by rotenone had no influence on the transcript level. We suggest that gdh2 expression responds to changes of redox state of the respiratory chain segment located between complex I and complex III. We suppose that the revealed effect is not due to elevated generation of reactive oxygen species occurring upon the electron transport chain blockage, because cell treatment with hydrogen peroxide and paraquat did not lead to induction of gdh2 expression. Experiments with Arabidopsis green seedlings have demonstrated that gdh2 gene expression and GDH2 enzyme activity decrease strongly in the normal and high light conditions and increase in darkness. Resuming our experiments on different Arabidopsis organs and cell types we generalize that gdh2 expression is maximal when both respiratory and photosynthetic electron transport chains are inhibited, and minimal when both of the electron transport chains are highly active. There are a number of hypotheses which would explain such a regularity. The first one proposes an energetic deficit as a regulatory factor initiating gdh2 gene induction. We assume, however, that sugar starvation or ATP depletion cannot be the main factors in regulation of gdh2 expression, because oxidative phosphorylation uncoupling by FCCP did not mimic the effects of antimycin A or prolonged dark treatment on the gdh2 gene expression. The second hypothesis is developed for chloroplast-to-nucleus signaling and proposes that the regulatory signal can be initiated by redox state of plastoquinone pool and mediated by thylakoid membrane-bound protein kinases. We assume that similar mechanism would exist also in mitochondria-to-nucleus signaling, so that gdh2 expression would depend on redox state of both ubiquinone and plastoquinone pools. This is confirmed by our experiments, in which the involvement of serine/threonine protein kinases in the antimycin-related gdh2 induction was demonstrated as an ultimate step in transduction of the regulatory signal to the nucleus. Abscisic acid and/or pyridine nucleotides ratio changes can also participate in the retrograde regulation of gdh2 gene expression. Thus, we have demonstrated that regulation of gdh2 gene expression depends on mitochondrial and chloroplast functional state, and it can be considered as another example of retrograde regulation. The redox states of ubiquinone/plastoquinone pools are the most likely primary factors of this regulation type, which also involves serine/threonine protein kinases in signal transduction. The work was supported by RFBR (12-04-01027-а) and SB RAS Integration project 59.
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Claims 9
Claim · model-written summary
Antimycin A or KCN rapidly increased gdh2 transcript.
- Taxon
- Arabidopsis thaliana
Arabidopsis thalianae0 - Treatment
- antimycin A or complex IV inhibitor KCNe0
- Gene
- gdh2e0
- Outcome
- gdh2 transcript contente0
- Direction
- increasee0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Treatment of Arabidopsis thaliana cell culture with respiratory complex III inhibitor antimycin A or complex IV inhibitor KCN led to rapid increase of gdh2 transcript content”
Claim · model-written summary
Rotenone did not change gdh2 transcript.
- Taxon
- ArabidopsisArabidopsist0
- Treatment
- rotenonee0
- Outcome
- transcript levele0
- Direction
- no influencee0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Complex I inhibition by rotenone had no influence on the transcript level”
t0“Arabidopsis”
Claim · model-written summary
Hydrogen peroxide and paraquat did not induce gdh2.
- Taxon
- ArabidopsisArabidopsist0
- Treatment
- hydrogen peroxide and paraquate0
- Outcome
- gdh2 expressione0
- Direction
- did not lead to inductione0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“cell treatment with hydrogen peroxide and paraquat did not lead to induction of gdh2 expression”
t0“Arabidopsis”
Claim · model-written summary
gdh2 expression and GDH2 activity fell in light and rose in darkness.
- Taxon
- ArabidopsisArabidopsise0
- Treatment
- normal and high light conditionse0
- Gene
- gdh2e0
- Outcome
- gdh2 gene expression and GDH2 enzyme activitye0
- Direction
- decrease stronglye0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Arabidopsis green seedlings have demonstrated that gdh2 gene expression and GDH2 enzyme activity decrease strongly in the normal and high light conditions and increase in darkness”
Claim · model-written summary
gdh2 expression increased in darkness.
- Taxon
- ArabidopsisArabidopsist0
- Treatment
- darknesse0
- Gene
- gdh2e0
- Outcome
- gdh2 gene expressione0
- Direction
- increasee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“gdh2 gene expression and GDH2 enzyme activity decrease strongly in the normal and high light conditions and increase in darkness”
t0“Arabidopsis”
Claim · model-written summary
GDH2 activity increased in darkness.
- Taxon
- ArabidopsisArabidopsist0
- Treatment
- darknesse0
- Gene
- GDH2e0
- Outcome
- GDH2 enzyme activitye0
- Direction
- increasee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“gdh2 gene expression and GDH2 enzyme activity decrease strongly in the normal and high light conditions and increase in darkness”
t0“Arabidopsis”
Claim · model-written summary
gdh2 expression was maximal when both electron transport chains were inhibited and minimal when active.
- Taxon
- ArabidopsisArabidopsist0
- Gene
- gdh2e0
- Outcome
- gdh2 expressione0
- Direction
- maximale0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“gdh2 expression is maximal when both respiratory and photosynthetic electron transport chains are inhibited, and minimal when both of the electron transport chains are highly active”
t0“Arabidopsis”
Claim · model-written summary
FCCP did not mimic antimycin A or prolonged dark treatment effects on gdh2.
- Taxon
- ArabidopsisArabidopsist0
- Treatment
- FCCPe0
- Gene
- gdh2e0
- Outcome
- gdh2 gene expressione0
- Direction
- did not mimice0
- Comparator
- antimycin A or prolonged dark treatmente0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“oxidative phosphorylation uncoupling by FCCP did not mimic the effects of antimycin A or prolonged dark treatment on the gdh2 gene expression”
t0“Arabidopsis”
Claim · model-written summary
Serine/threonine protein kinases participate in antimycin related gdh2 induction.
- Taxon
- ArabidopsisArabidopsist0
- Gene
- serine/threonine protein kinasese0
- Outcome
- antimycin-related gdh2 inductione0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the involvement of serine/threonine protein kinases in the antimycin-related gdh2 induction was demonstrated as an ultimate step in transduction of the regulatory signal to the nucleus”
t0“Arabidopsis”
The same questions in other papers
hydrogen peroxide · molecular: expression · ArabidopsisPositive and negative results
3 papers in the same direction as this paper · 13 in the opposite direction
- positive
- positive
- positive
13 papers more in this group
See all 17 papers →rotenone · molecular: expression · ArabidopsisResults agree
1 paper in the same direction as this paper
- no effect
paraquat · molecular: expression · ArabidopsisResults agree
1 paper in the same direction as this paper
- no effect
Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.