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Management practices and species interactions drive yield increases through complementarity and selection effects in L. iberica–chickpea intercropping systems 1

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Intervention effectobservedoriginal resultnegativemeasured

Claim · model-written summary

Ic (I S S2) intercropping produced a 26.3% decrease in total land output

Taxon: chickpeaCicer arietinumt0
Treatment: Ic (I S S 2 )e7
Outcome: TLOe7
Direction: decreaseinferrede7
Value: -26.3%e7

Not reportedComparator

Verbatim

t0
“L. iberica–chickpea intercropping systems”
✓ located verbatim in the source · title, characters 117–158

e7
“However, the Ic (I S S 2 ) treatment resulted in economic losses (-26.3% TLO) and shifted species interactions towards competition, reducing LER by 45%”
✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 1684–1835

Title

Management practices and species interactions drive yield increases through complementarity and selection effects in L. iberica–chickpea intercropping systems

Maryam Mirdoraghi; Saeideh Maleki Farahani; Alireza Rezazadeh Journal of Agriculture and Food Research 2026. doi:10.1016/j.jafr.2025.102627

Other claims from this paper (14)

Intervention effect Ic (I20 S1) intercropping achieved maximum productivity with LER 2.43
Intervention effect Ic (I20 S1) intercropping had a monetary advantage index of 6565.25
Intervention effect Ic (I20 S1) intercropping had a total land output of 3762.3 kg/ha
Association In the intercropping system complementary effects outweighed selection effects
Association Intercropping benefits attributed to CE were strongly correlated with BE
Association Chickpea dominated the intercrop, with competitive ratio CRc above CRl
Association Chickpea yield peaked under enhanced nitrogen availability
Intervention effect Severe deficit irrigation with spring sowing reduced sole-system productivity by 45%
Intervention effect Intercropping remained resilient under the I S S2 conditions where sole cropping lost productivity
Intervention effect Autumn sowing enhanced nitrogen uptake in the intercrop
Intervention effect Autumn sowing enhanced economic returns with RVT 5.97
Intervention effect Ic (I S S2) intercropping shifted species interactions towards competition
Intervention effect Ic (I S S2) intercropping reduced LER by 45%
Mechanism Complementary effects from chickpea root system and nitrogen fixation are asserted to mitigate drought stress

Effects of moisture conditions on winter wheat yield using the Palmer drought severity index: A case study of the Rostov region, Russia 1

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Observationobservedoriginal resultmeasured

Claim · model-written summary

The largest yield decrease occurred in 2013 amid drought in preceding seasons.

Outcome: yieldse0
Direction: decreasee0
Qualifier: 2013e0
Setting: most of the regione0

Not reportedTaxon

Verbatim

e0
“The most significant decrease in yields was observed in 2013, when moderate and severe droughts were observed in most of the region during the previous autumn, winter and spring seasons.”
✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 1240–1426

Title

Effects of moisture conditions on winter wheat yield using the Palmer drought severity index: A case study of the Rostov region, Russia

Vasiliy Gudko; Sudeep Tanwar; Tatiana Minkina; et al. EURASIAN JOURNAL OF SOIL SCIENCE (EJSS) 2026. doi:10.18393/ejss.1819523

Other claims from this paper (8)

Observation Winter wheat yield decreased from the south and west toward the north and east.
Observation Most districts had a significant upward crop-yield trend averaging 0.14 t/ha per year.
Observation The increase in yield had no spatial pattern.
Association Yield increases and stagnation correlated with PDSI fluctuations.
Association Spring moisture conditions had the strongest influence on winter wheat yield.
Association Spring moisture explained 24.8% to 69.2% of interannual yield variability.
Observation Autumn and winter moisture had a weaker influence on yield.
Method / resource PDSI was informative and reliable for analyzing moisture effects on winter wheat yields.

The interplay of nitrogen metabolism and root attributes in governing yield potential of pea cultivars subjected to simulated acid rain 1

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Mechanismauthor interpretationoriginal resultnegativemeasured

Claim · model-written summary

Decreased pea yield under acid rain is attributed to disrupted N-metabolism, specifically inhibition of the glutamine synthetase and glutamate synthase pathway.

Taxon: Pisum sativumLathyrus oleraceuse0
Gene: glutamine synthetase and glutamate synthasee5
Outcome: decrease in yielde5
Qualifier: disruption of N-metabolisme5

Verbatim

e0
“The yield of pea (Pisum sativum)”
✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 62–94

e5
“the decrease in yield is primarily attributed to the disruption of N-metabolism, specifically inhibition of the glutamine synthetase and glutamate synthase pathway”
✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 1240–1403

Title

The interplay of nitrogen metabolism and root attributes in governing yield potential of pea cultivars subjected to simulated acid rain

Jigyasa Prakash; Shashi Bhushan Agrawal; Madhoolika Agrawal Functional Plant Biology 2026. doi:10.1071/fp25230

Other claims from this paper (6)

Intervention effect Simulated acid rain at pH 5.0 and 4.5 increased relative root growth rate of pea.
Intervention effect Simulated acid rain stimulated nitrate reductase activity in the reproductive growth stage of pea.
Intervention effect Simulated acid rain reduced nitrite reductase and leghemoglobin content in the reproductive growth stage of pea.
Association Cultivar Nandini had enhanced glutamate dehydrogenase activity compared with Samridhi under simulated acid rain.
Intervention effect Simulated acid rain modified seed yield and quality traits of pea.
Recommendation Findings support selecting and developing pea varieties with enhanced nitrogen fixation to mitigate acid rain effects.

Effects of cutting on the recovery characteristics, grain and straw yield, and quality traits of Qingke 1

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Intervention effectobservedoriginal resultsignificant (as stated)measured

Claim · model-written summary

Cutting significantly decreased stubble IAA and ABA.

Taxon: Qingket0
Treatment: cuttinge1
Outcome: levels of indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) and abscisic acid (ABA) in the stubblee0
Direction: decreasee0

Not reportedComparator

Verbatim

e0
“However, it leaded to a significant decrease in the levels of indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) and abscisic acid (ABA) in the stubble.”
✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 2006–2134

t0
“Qingke”
✓ located verbatim in the source · title, characters 97–103

e1
“The results indicated that cutting increased the regrowth of Qingke straw and grain yield.”
✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 1146–1236

Title

Effects of cutting on the recovery characteristics, grain and straw yield, and quality traits of Qingke

Jia-Qi HE; Yi-Xiong BAI; Xiao-Hua YAO; et al. ACTA AGRONOMICA SINICA 2024. doi:10.3724/sp.j.1006.2024.31032

Other claims from this paper (12)

Intervention effect Cutting increased Qingke straw regrowth.
Intervention effect Cutting increased grain yield.
Intervention effect Cutting increased crude protein and crude ash content in stems.
Intervention effect Cutting reduced stem fiber content.
Intervention effect Cutting significantly improved relative feeding value of straw.
Intervention effect Cutting promoted recovery of plant height and stem biomass growth.
Intervention effect Cutting increased spike number and 1000-grain weight.
Intervention effect Cutting significantly increased grain yield.
Intervention effect Cutting increased grain crude protein and starch.
Intervention effect Cutting rapidly increased SOD and CAT levels in Qingke stubble.
Intervention effect Cutting significantly increased stubble TZR and iPA.
Mechanism Stubble cytokinins and auxins may regulate antioxidant enzyme responses and above-ground regeneration after cutting.

Differential response of different Radix pseudostellariae cultivars to continuous cropping stress and its intraspecific intercropping effects 1

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Observationobservedoriginal resultnegativesignificant (as stated)measured

Claim · model-written summary

Two years of monoculture significantly decreased yield.

Taxon: R. pseudostellariaee0
Treatment: monoculture for two yearse0
Outcome: yielde0
Direction: decreasee0

Verbatim

e0
“significant decrease in the yield of R. pseudostellariae after monoculture for two years”
✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 1942–2030

Title

Differential response of different Radix pseudostellariae cultivars to continuous cropping stress and its intraspecific intercropping effects

Zhi-Min LIN; Xian-Jin QIN; Hong-Miao WU; et al. ACTA AGRONOMICA SINICA 2022. doi:10.3724/sp.j.1006.2022.14145

Other claims from this paper (13)

Observation Eight cultivars showed molecular polymorphism.
Observation Cultivars differed in growth performance at Zherong.
Observation Zhengshen 1, Kangbing 1 and Qiantaizishen 1 had the highest medicinal yield.
Observation Jiangsujurong and Xuanshen 1 had low medicinal yield under new cropping.
Intervention effect After two years of monoculture, seedling growth traits and fresh weight decreased versus new planting.
Observation Two years of monoculture shortened root tubers and lowered single tuber weight.
Observation Two years of monoculture significantly decreased total polysaccharides and heterophyllin B.
Observation Two years of monoculture increased total saponins.
Recommendation Rotation with nonlocal cultivars was recommended to alleviate replanting disease and increase yield and quality.
Recommendation Intraspecific intercropping was recommended to alleviate replanting disease and increase yield and quality.
Intervention effect Intercropping improved rhizosphere microbial diversity.
Intervention effect Intercropping decreased Fusarium and oxysporum.
Intervention effect Intercropping increased Pseudomonas spp.

Effect of phosphorus fertilizer rate on rapeseed yield and quality (Brassica napus L.) 1

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Intervention effectobservedoriginal resultmeasured

Claim · model-written summary

Rapeseed oil content tended to increase and then decrease with increasing phosphorus application.

Taxon: rapeseedt0
Treatment: increasing phosphorus applicatione6
Outcome: oil contente6
Direction: tended to increase and then decreasee6
Qualifier: highest at 90 kg P2O5 hm-2 and 135 kg P2O5 hm-2e6

Not reportedComparator

Verbatim

t0
“Effect of phosphorus fertilizer rate on rapeseed yield and quality (Brassica napus L.)”
✓ located verbatim in the source · title, characters 0–86

e6
“The oil content of rapeseed tended to increase and then decrease with increasing phosphorus application (highest at 90 kg P2O5 hm-2 and 135 kg P2O5 hm-2)”
✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 1240–1393

Title

Effect of phosphorus fertilizer rate on rapeseed yield and quality (Brassica napus L.)

Jin-Yao YAN; Yi SONG; Zhi-Feng LU; et al. ACTA AGRONOMICA SINICA 2023. doi:10.3724/sp.j.1006.2023.24175

Other claims from this paper (18)

Observation Without phosphorus treatment, average rapeseed yield was only 190 kg hm-2.
Intervention effect Phosphorus application significantly increased pods per plant, seed number and 1000-seed weight of rapeseed.
Intervention effect Phosphorus application increased rapeseed yield 8.5 to 12.5 times compared with no phosphorus.
Association Maximum rapeseed yields were obtained at phosphorus applications of 51.8-65.0 kg P2O5 hm-2.
Intervention effect Phosphorus fertilizer rate significantly affected rapeseed phosphorus content, water content and oil content.
Intervention effect Phosphorus fertilizer rate significantly affected rapeseed protein, glucosinolate and oleic acid.
Intervention effect Phosphorus fertilizer rate significantly affected rapeseed linolenic acid and stearic acid.
Intervention effect Erucic acid, linoleic acid and palmitic acid showed less response to phosphorus fertilizer rate in rapeseed.
Intervention effect Rapeseed protein content tended to increase slowly with phosphorus fertilizer rate.
Intervention effect Rapeseed glucosinolate content decreased significantly with phosphorus fertilizer rate.
Intervention effect Excessive phosphorus fertilizer decreased rapeseed oleic acid content.
Intervention effect Excessive phosphorus fertilizer increased rapeseed linolenic acid content.
Association Seed phosphorus content, oil content and linolenic acid content had a greater direct positive effect on rapeseed yield.
Association Water content, protein and linolenic acid had a greater indirect positive effect on rapeseed yield through seed phosphorus content.
Association Glucosinolate and oleic acid had a greater indirect negative effect on rapeseed yield through seed phosphorus content.
Association Linoleic acid and stearic acid had a greater indirect negative effect on rapeseed yield through seed phosphorus content.
Recommendation A phosphorus fertilizer rate of 45-90 kg P2O5 hm-2 is recommended for rapeseed yield and edible oil quality.
Recommendation A phosphorus fertilizer rate of 90-135 kg P2O5 hm-2 is recommended for forage cake meal protein yield.

Effect of alternative nutrient supplements on the growth and flowering of marigold (Calendula officinalis L.) 1

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Associationobservedoriginal resultnegativemeasured

Claim · model-written summary

Pruning caused a temporary decrease in total marigold yield during regeneration.

Taxon: Calendula officinalisCalendula officinalist0
Treatment: pruninge2
Outcome: total yielde2
Direction: decreasee2

Verbatim

t0
“marigold (Calendula officinalis L.)”
✓ located verbatim in the source · title, characters 74–109

e2
“the regeneration period following pruning led to a temporary decrease in total yield”
✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 548–632

Title

Effect of alternative nutrient supplements on the growth and flowering of marigold (Calendula officinalis L.)

Judit Csabai; Anzhela Kolesnyk; Beatris Kish; et al. Fenntartható Tájgazdálkodási Tudományos Műhely konferenciája 2025 : Innovatív megoldások a XXI. század mezőgazdaságában 2025. doi:10.71066/fttmk.1.13

Other claims from this paper (9)

Association Flower number in marigold dropped from 641 in July to 129 after pruning.
Intervention effect Pruned marigold rows had lower average flower diameter (3.00 to 3.16 cm) than non-pruned rows.
Association Rhyolite-treated marigold rows gave the highest fresh flower weight in June (12.42 g/row).
Intervention effect In July, flocculant gave the highest marigold yield (488.6 g), compared with 362 g in the control.
Observation In August, poultry manure rows produced 467.25 g of marigold flowers.
Observation In August, flocculant-treated marigold rows yielded 487.33 g.
Association Flocculant gave the highest cumulative marigold yield over the year (980.76 g per row).
Association Flocculant probably had a positive long-term effect on marigold flower production.
Recommendation Pruning of marigold should be applied only purposefully and with proper timing.

A seedling-lethal mutation affects chloroplast biogenesis and photosynthetic gene expression in kiwifruit 1

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Observationobservedoriginal resultmeasured

Claim · model-written summary

Chlorotic kiwifruit plantlets had decreased PSII maximum quantum yield.

Outcome: maximum quantum yield of PSII photochemistry Fv/Fme0
Direction: decreasee0

Not reportedTaxon

Verbatim

e0
“a decrease in the maximum quantum yield of PSII photochemistry Fv/Fm”
✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 523–591

Title

A seedling-lethal mutation affects chloroplast biogenesis and photosynthetic gene expression in kiwifruit

Mary-Rus Martínez-Cuenca; Luis Andrés Ramón-Núñez; Concepción Gómez-Mena; et al. Scientia Horticulturae 2026. doi:10.1016/j.scienta.2025.114582

Other claims from this paper (7)

Effects of nitrogen fertilization levels on matter accumulation and nutrient uptake in rice cultivar with different nitrogen efficiency under drip irrigation 1

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Intervention effectobservedoriginal resultnegativemeasured

Claim · model-written summary

Excessive nitrogen application (450 kg hm-2) decreased seed setting rate and grain number per spike in rice.

Taxon: riceOryza sativae0
Treatment: excessive nitrogen application (450 kg hm-2)e1
Outcome: seed setting rate and grain number per spikee2
Direction: decreasee2

Not reportedComparator

Verbatim

e0
“yield of rice varieties with different nitrogen efficiency”
✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 152–210

e1
“excessive nitrogen application (450 kg hm-2)”
✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 1164–1208

e2
“a decrease in seed setting rate and grain number per spike”
✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 1277–1335

Title

Effects of nitrogen fertilization levels on matter accumulation and nutrient uptake in rice cultivar with different nitrogen efficiency under drip irrigation

Zhi-Wen SONG; Lei ZHAO; Jun-Guo BI; et al. ACTA AGRONOMICA SINICA 2024. doi:10.3724/sp.j.1006.2024.32061

Other claims from this paper (15)

Effects of deep fertilization on ecological stoichiometric characteristics and photosynthetic carbon assimilation of flag leaves of spring wheat under drought conditions 1

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Mechanismauthor interpretationoriginal resultmeasured

Claim · model-written summary

Authors conclude deep fertilization increased flag leaf C, N and P, delayed senescence and promoted yield.

Taxon: spring wheatTriticum aestivume0
Treatment: 30 cm deep fertilizatione0
Outcome: delayed the senescence of flag leaves, and promoted the increase of yielde0
Qualifier: under drought conditionse0

Verbatim

e0
“30 cm deep fertilization under drought conditions increased the contents of C, N and P in flag leaves from booting to filling stage, delayed the decrease of N and P contents in flag leaves after flowering, optimized the ecological stoichiometric characteristics of flag leaves, reduced the restriction of N and P on the photosynthesis of flag leaves of spring wheat, increased the growth rate of Pn and shoots of flag le…” Show full quote
✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 2423–2938

Title

Effects of deep fertilization on ecological stoichiometric characteristics and photosynthetic carbon assimilation of flag leaves of spring wheat under drought conditions

Jin-Yu LIANG; Jia-De YIN; Hui-Zhi HOU; et al. ACTA AGRONOMICA SINICA 2024. doi:10.3724/sp.j.1006.2024.31074

Other claims from this paper (19)

Intervention effect D30 reduced grain filling flag leaf C/N by 2.1%−6.4% versus D15.
Intervention effect D30 reduced C/N by 5.4%−10.2% versus CK.
Intervention effect D30 reduced C/P by 3.8%−5.2% versus D15.
Intervention effect D30 reduced C/P by 5.4%−6.0% versus CK.
Intervention effect D30 increased N/P distribution in 2021 by 1.4% and 4.1% versus D15 and CK.
Intervention effect D30 decreased N/P in 2022 by 1.6% and 0.2% versus D15 and CK.
Intervention effect D30 increased SPAD by 1.8%−6.5% versus D15.
Intervention effect D30 increased SPAD by 15.5%−18.2% versus CK.
Intervention effect D30 increased Pn by 21.6%, 27.0% and 28.5%−36.6% across stated comparisons.
Intervention effect D30 increased shoot growth rate 22.1%−41.2% versus D15.
Intervention effect D30 increased shoot growth rate 68.4%−80.8% versus CK.
Intervention effect D30 increased mature dry matter accumulation by 10.6%−11.1%.
Intervention effect D30 increased output by 15.7%−15.9% versus D15.
Intervention effect D30 increased output by 46.5%−49.3% versus CK.
Intervention effect D30 increased nitrogen fertilizer contribution by 46.6%−52.4% versus D15.
Intervention effect Nitrogen partial productivity increased by 15.7%−16.0%.
Intervention effect Nitrogen agronomic efficiency increased by 69.6%−76.7%.
Association Flag leaf C, N and P contents correlated positively with SPAD, Pn and dry matter accumulation.
Association Flag leaf ecological stoichiometry correlated negatively with SPAD, Pn and dry matter accumulation.

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Management practices and species interactions drive yield increases through complementarity and selection effects in L. iberica–chickpea intercropping systems 1

Effects of moisture conditions on winter wheat yield using the Palmer drought severity index: A case study of the Rostov region, Russia 1

The interplay of nitrogen metabolism and root attributes in governing yield potential of pea cultivars subjected to simulated acid rain 1

Effects of cutting on the recovery characteristics, grain and straw yield, and quality traits of Qingke 1

Differential response of different Radix pseudostellariae cultivars to continuous cropping stress and its intraspecific intercropping effects 1

Effect of phosphorus fertilizer rate on rapeseed yield and quality (Brassica napus L.) 1

Effect of alternative nutrient supplements on the growth and flowering of marigold (Calendula officinalis L.) 1

A seedling-lethal mutation affects chloroplast biogenesis and photosynthetic gene expression in kiwifruit 1

Effects of nitrogen fertilization levels on matter accumulation and nutrient uptake in rice cultivar with different nitrogen efficiency under drip irrigation 1

Effects of deep fertilization on ecological stoichiometric characteristics and photosynthetic carbon assimilation of flag leaves of spring wheat under drought conditions 1