Abstract
BACKGROUND: Phenotypic plasticity of fitness-related traits is vital for plant species to adapt to variable environments. Chenopodium glaucum L. and Amaranthus retroflexus L. are two common weed species globally. Understanding the plasticity in life-history traits, especially in reproductive allocation, within and among these species is important for predicting their success and for managing them in different environments. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS: Seeds of the two plant species were sown every 10 days from 26 Jun to 15 Aug. Life-history and fitness-related traits of both phenology and morphology were measured, and dry biomass of roots, stems, leaves, and reproductive tissues was determined at physiological maturity. Length of reproductive and total life period of the two species differed among six sowing-date treatments. Later germinating plants led to relatively reduced total life period, size, and earlier reproduction than earlier germinating plants. The ratio of reproductive biomass to total plant biomass increased with later planting dates in C. glaucum but declined in A. retroflexus. Mature plant height, crown diameter, and reproductive tissue biomass, and seed production of C. glaucum and A. retroflexus increased with delayed reproductive period. Both species displayed true plasticity in reproductive allocation. However, the sowing date had a far greater effect on rate of vegetative growth than on allocation to reproduction. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE: The fitness of both C. glaucum and A. retroflexus populations have an apparent increase when the period between germination and seed production is much longer. However, C. glaucum appears better adapted to later sowing than A. retroflexus. Controlling seedlings prior to reproduction will alleviate the negative effect not only in the present year but also in future years.
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Claims 15
Claim · model-written summary
Later germination shortened the total life period and reduced plant size in Amaranthus retroflexus.
- Taxon
- Amaranthus retroflexus L.
Amaranthus retroflexust0 - Treatment
- Later germinatinge0
- Outcome
- total life period, sizee0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Comparator
- earlier germinating plantse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Later germinating plants led to relatively reduced total life period, size, and earlier reproduction than earlier germinating plants.”
t0“Chenopodium glaucum L. and Amaranthus retroflexus L. are two common weed species globally.”
Claim · model-written summary
Later germinating Chenopodium glaucum reproduced earlier.
- Taxon
- Chenopodium glaucum L.
Oxybasis glaucat0 - Treatment
- Later germinatinge0
- Outcome
- reproductione0
- Direction
- earliere0
- Comparator
- earlier germinating plantse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Later germinating plants led to relatively reduced total life period, size, and earlier reproduction than earlier germinating plants.”
t0“Chenopodium glaucum L. and Amaranthus retroflexus L. are two common weed species globally.”
Claim · model-written summary
Later germinating Amaranthus retroflexus reproduced earlier.
- Taxon
- Amaranthus retroflexus L.Amaranthus retroflexust0
- Treatment
- Later germinatinge0
- Outcome
- reproductione0
- Direction
- earliere0
- Comparator
- earlier germinating plantse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Later germinating plants led to relatively reduced total life period, size, and earlier reproduction than earlier germinating plants.”
t0“Chenopodium glaucum L. and Amaranthus retroflexus L. are two common weed species globally.”
Claim · model-written summary
Reproductive biomass allocation increased with later planting dates in Chenopodium glaucum.
- Taxon
- C. glaucumOxybasis glaucae0
- Treatment
- later planting datese0
- Outcome
- ratio of reproductive biomass to total plant biomasse0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The ratio of reproductive biomass to total plant biomass increased with later planting dates in C. glaucum but declined in A. retroflexus.”
Claim · model-written summary
Reproductive biomass allocation declined with later planting dates in Amaranthus retroflexus.
- Taxon
- A. retroflexusAmaranthus retroflexuse0
- Treatment
- later planting datese0
- Outcome
- ratio of reproductive biomass to total plant biomasse0
- Direction
- declinede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The ratio of reproductive biomass to total plant biomass increased with later planting dates in C. glaucum but declined in A. retroflexus.”
Claim · model-written summary
Height, crown diameter and reproductive tissue biomass increased with delayed reproduction in Chenopodium glaucum.
- Taxon
- C. glaucumOxybasis glaucae0
- Organ / stage
- reproductive periode0
- Outcome
- Mature plant height, crown diameter, and reproductive tissue biomasse0
- Direction
- increasede0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Mature plant height, crown diameter, and reproductive tissue biomass, and seed production of C. glaucum and A. retroflexus increased with delayed reproductive period.”
Claim · model-written summary
Height, crown diameter and reproductive tissue biomass increased with delayed reproduction in Amaranthus retroflexus.
- Taxon
- A. retroflexusAmaranthus retroflexuse0
- Organ / stage
- reproductive periode0
- Outcome
- Mature plant height, crown diameter, and reproductive tissue biomasse0
- Direction
- increasede0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Mature plant height, crown diameter, and reproductive tissue biomass, and seed production of C. glaucum and A. retroflexus increased with delayed reproductive period.”
Claim · model-written summary
Seed production increased with delayed reproduction in Chenopodium glaucum.
- Taxon
- C. glaucumOxybasis glaucae0
- Organ / stage
- reproductive periode0
- Outcome
- seed productione0
- Direction
- increasede0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“seed production of C. glaucum and A. retroflexus increased with delayed reproductive period.”
Claim · model-written summary
Seed production increased with delayed reproduction in Amaranthus retroflexus.
- Taxon
- A. retroflexusAmaranthus retroflexuse0
- Organ / stage
- reproductive periode0
- Outcome
- seed productione0
- Direction
- increasede0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“seed production of C. glaucum and A. retroflexus increased with delayed reproductive period.”
Claim · model-written summary
Sowing date affected vegetative growth rate more than reproductive allocation in Chenopodium glaucum.
- Taxon
- Chenopodium glaucum L.Oxybasis glaucat0
- Treatment
- sowing datee0
- Outcome
- rate of vegetative growthe0
- Direction
- far greatere0
- Comparator
- allocation to reproductione0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the sowing date had a far greater effect on rate of vegetative growth than on allocation to reproduction.”
t0“Chenopodium glaucum L. and Amaranthus retroflexus L. are two common weed species globally.”
Claim · model-written summary
Sowing date affected vegetative growth rate more than reproductive allocation in Amaranthus retroflexus.
- Taxon
- Amaranthus retroflexus L.Amaranthus retroflexust0
- Treatment
- sowing datee0
- Outcome
- rate of vegetative growthe0
- Direction
- far greatere0
- Comparator
- allocation to reproductione0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the sowing date had a far greater effect on rate of vegetative growth than on allocation to reproduction.”
t0“Chenopodium glaucum L. and Amaranthus retroflexus L. are two common weed species globally.”
Claim · model-written summary
A longer interval from germination to seed production was associated with greater fitness in Chenopodium glaucum.
- Taxon
- C. glaucumOxybasis glaucae0
- Organ / stage
- period between germination and seed productione0
- Outcome
- fitnesse0
- Direction
- apparent increasee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The fitness of both C. glaucum and A. retroflexus populations have an apparent increase when the period between germination and seed production is much longer.”
Claim · model-written summary
A longer interval from germination to seed production was associated with greater fitness in Amaranthus retroflexus.
- Taxon
- A. retroflexusAmaranthus retroflexuse0
- Organ / stage
- period between germination and seed productione0
- Outcome
- fitnesse0
- Direction
- apparent increasee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The fitness of both C. glaucum and A. retroflexus populations have an apparent increase when the period between germination and seed production is much longer.”
Claim · model-written summary
Chenopodium glaucum appeared better adapted to later sowing than Amaranthus retroflexus.
- Taxon
- C. glaucumOxybasis glaucae0
- Outcome
- better adapted to later sowinge0
- Comparator
- A. retroflexuse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“C. glaucum appears better adapted to later sowing than A. retroflexus.”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors recommend controlling weed seedlings before reproduction to reduce negative effects in present and future years.
- Taxon
- Chenopodium glaucum L.Oxybasis glaucat0
- Outcome
- Controlling seedlings prior to reproductione0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Controlling seedlings prior to reproduction will alleviate the negative effect not only in the present year but also in future years.”
t0“Chenopodium glaucum L. and Amaranthus retroflexus L. are two common weed species globally.”
The same questions in other papers
sowing time · growth · Amaranthus retroflexus (redroot amaranth)Positive and negative results
1 in the opposite direction
- positive
stage · growth · Amaranthus retroflexus (redroot amaranth)Positive and negative results
1 paper in the same direction as this paper · 1 in the opposite direction
- positive
- negative
Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.