Abstract
This study assesses the phytoremediation potential and biomass production of sweet sorghum (Sorghum bicolor L.) and switchgrass (Panicum virgatum L.) under saline field conditions in 2024 and 2025. Salinity was defined based on electrical conductivity (EC), and phytoremediation performance was evaluated in this study. Sweet sorghum consistently produced high biomass (56.700–78.600 kg/ha), yet saline irrigation decreased its yield by 6% in 2024 and 11% in 2025, alongside a 19% reduction in plant height in 2025. Conversely, saline irrigation promoted switchgrass growth, increasing biomass yield from 2548 to 3643 kg ha−1 (43%) in 2024 and from 4503 to 5812 kg ha−1 (29%) in 2025. Plant height also increased by up to 35% in 2025 under saline conditions. In this study, when the Na+ (me/L) results at 10 cm of irrigated soil under saline conditions were examined, sorghum and switchgrass plants produced statistically significant differences in their saline-irrigated plots compared to their plots irrigated with non-saline water. In contrast, no significant differences were observed between sorghum and switchgrass in terms of soil Na removal under either saline or non-saline irrigation conditions. Therefore, both plants have a similar sodium reduction capacity.
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Claims 11
Claim · model-written summary
Sweet sorghum produced high biomass of 56.700–78.600 kg/ha.
Verbatim
e0“Sweet sorghum consistently produced high biomass (56.700–78.600 kg/ha)”
Claim · model-written summary
Saline irrigation decreased sorghum yield by 6% in 2024.
- Taxon
- Sweet sorghume1
- Treatment
- saline irrigatione0
- Outcome
- yielde0
- Direction
- decreasede0
- Value
- 6%e0
- Qualifier
- 2024e0
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
e0“saline irrigation decreased its yield by 6% in 2024”
e1“Sweet sorghum consistently produced high biomass”
Claim · model-written summary
Saline irrigation decreased sorghum yield by 11% in 2025.
- Taxon
- Sweet sorghume1
- Treatment
- saline irrigatione0
- Outcome
- yielde0
- Direction
- decreasede0
- Value
- 11%e0
- Qualifier
- 2025e0
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
e0“saline irrigation decreased its yield by 6% in 2024 and 11% in 2025”
e1“Sweet sorghum consistently produced high biomass”
Claim · model-written summary
Saline irrigation reduced sorghum height by 19% in 2025.
- Taxon
- Sweet sorghume1
- Treatment
- saline irrigatione1
- Outcome
- plant heighte0
- Direction
- reductione0
- Value
- 19%e0
- Qualifier
- 2025e0
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
e0“a 19% reduction in plant height in 2025”
e1“Sweet sorghum consistently produced high biomass (56.700–78.600 kg/ha), yet saline irrigation decreased its yield by 6% in 2024 and 11% in 2025”
Claim · model-written summary
Saline irrigation increased switchgrass biomass yield by 43% in 2024, from 2548 to 3643 kg ha−1.
- Taxon
- switchgrass
Panicum virgatume0 - Treatment
- saline irrigatione0
- Outcome
- biomass yielde0
- Direction
- increasinge0
- Value
- 43%e0
- Qualifier
- 2024e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“saline irrigation promoted switchgrass growth, increasing biomass yield from 2548 to 3643 kg ha−1 (43%) in 2024”
Claim · model-written summary
Saline irrigation increased switchgrass biomass yield by 29% in 2025, from 4503 to 5812 kg ha−1.
- Taxon
- switchgrassPanicum virgatume1
- Treatment
- saline irrigatione1
- Outcome
- biomass yielde1
- Direction
- increasinge1
- Value
- 29%e0
- Qualifier
- 2025e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“from 4503 to 5812 kg ha−1 (29%) in 2025”
e1“saline irrigation promoted switchgrass growth, increasing biomass yield from 2548 to 3643 kg ha−1 (43%) in 2024”
Claim · model-written summary
Switchgrass height increased by up to 35% in saline conditions in 2025.
- Taxon
- switchgrassPanicum virgatume1
- Treatment
- saline conditionse0
- Outcome
- Plant heighte0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 35%e0
- Qualifier
- 2025e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Plant height also increased by up to 35% in 2025 under saline conditions.”
e1“saline irrigation promoted switchgrass growth”
Claim · model-written summary
At 10 cm soil depth, saline and non-saline irrigation plots differed significantly in soil sodium for sorghum.
- Treatment
- saline-irrigated plotse0
- Outcome
- Na+ (me/L) results at 10 cm of irrigated soile1
- Comparator
- plots irrigated with non-saline watere0
SorghumNot reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“sorghum and switchgrass plants produced statistically significant differences in their saline-irrigated plots compared to their plots irrigated with non-saline water”
e1“Na+ (me/L) results at 10 cm of irrigated soil under saline conditions were examined”
Claim · model-written summary
At 10 cm soil depth, saline and non-saline irrigation plots differed significantly in soil sodium for switchgrass.
- Taxon
- switchgrassPanicum virgatume0
- Treatment
- saline-irrigated plotse0
- Outcome
- Na+ (me/L) results at 10 cm of irrigated soile1
- Comparator
- plots irrigated with non-saline watere0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“sorghum and switchgrass plants produced statistically significant differences in their saline-irrigated plots compared to their plots irrigated with non-saline water”
e1“Na+ (me/L) results at 10 cm of irrigated soil under saline conditions were examined”
Claim · model-written summary
Sorghum and switchgrass did not differ significantly in soil sodium removal under either irrigation condition.
- Outcome
- soil Na removale0
- Direction
- no significant differencese0
- Qualifier
- under either saline or non-saline irrigation conditionse0
- Comparator
- switchgrasse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“no significant differences were observed between sorghum and switchgrass in terms of soil Na removal under either saline or non-saline irrigation conditions”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors concluded that the two plants have similar sodium reduction capacity.
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“both plants have a similar sodium reduction capacity”
e1“sorghum and switchgrass plants”
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See all 131 papers →Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.