Abstract
The phytopathogenic bacterium Pectobacterium carotovorum (Pcc) infects a wide range of crop plants and causes substantial economic losses. The authors of this study previously demonstrated that the selenium–arabinogalactan nanocomposite (Se/AG NC) is capable of mitigating the negative effects of infection of soybean seeds with Pcc during germination and can influence physiological and biochemical factors in the seedlings. This study investigated changes in the membrane fatty acid (FA) profile of soybean seedlings grown under different treatments and in control using chromatography–mass spectrometry (CMS). The soybean seed treatments included the following: (1) infection by Pcc alone; (2) nanopriming with Se/AG NC alone; and (3) infection by Pcc followed by nanopriming with Se/AG NC. The infection was performed by soaking seeds in a bacterial suspension. Nanopriming was performed by placing the seeds in an aqueous solution of Se/AG NC (6.25 µg/mL) with a Se concentration of 0.000625%. Then, the seeds were germinated over 5 days in the darkness at 25 °C. The FA profile of soybean seeds was characterized by 13 FAs dominated by linoleic (LA), linolenic (LNA), oleic (OA), palmitic (PA) and stearic (SA) acids. Se/AG NC nanopriming had no influence on the FA profile of soybean seeds. A unique FA profile of soybean seedlings was demonstrated. It consisted of 18 FAs containing 12 to 20 carbon atoms. The following FAs were dominant in the control samples: PA (28%), LA (32.8%), LNA (18.6%), and SA (7.5%). Pcc infection of the seeds amplified the content of unsaturated FAs. Nanopriming of the seeds with Se/AG NC had an obvious influence on the seedling FA profile. Treatment of soybean seeds infected with Pcc using Se/AG NC caused weakening of the detrimental effects of the pathogen, while giving the possibility to maintain soybean seedlings’ FA profile at the control level. Transcript levels of the GmFAD8-2 gene encoding the membrane-bound omega-3 FA desaturase (FAD) were elevated for soybean seedlings after both Pcc and Se/AG NC seed treatment processes. The FA double-bond index (DBI) grew under the influence of seed infection and dropped under other treatments. Nanopriming of the seeds with Se/AG NC effectively reduced stress in Pcc-infected plants, as evidenced by analysis of the abscisic acid (ABA) content. Variations in the membrane FA composition under nanopriming with Se/AG NC may be one of the forms of its phytoprotective effect.
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Claims 15
Claim · model-written summary
Soybean seeds contained 13 fatty acids, predominantly the five named acids.
- Taxon
- soybean
Glycine maxe0 - Organ / stage
- seedse0
- Outcome
- FA profilee0
- Value
- 13 FAse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The FA profile of soybean seeds was characterized by 13 FAs dominated by linoleic (LA), linolenic (LNA), oleic (OA), palmitic (PA) and stearic (SA) acids.”
Claim · model-written summary
Se/AG NC nanopriming did not change the soybean seed fatty acid profile.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxe0
- Organ / stage
- seedse0
- Treatment
- Se/AG NC nanopriminge0
- Outcome
- FA profilee0
- Direction
- no influencee0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Se/AG NC nanopriming had no influence on the FA profile of soybean seeds.”
Claim · model-written summary
The soybean seedling fatty acid profile comprised 18 fatty acids of 12 to 20 carbon atoms.
- Taxon
- SoybeanGlycine maxt0
- Organ / stage
- Seedlingst0
- Outcome
- 18 FAse0
- Value
- 18 FAse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“It consisted of 18 FAs containing 12 to 20 carbon atoms.”
t0“Soybean Seedlings”
Claim · model-written summary
Control samples had 28% palmitic acid.
- Taxon
- SoybeanGlycine maxt0
- Outcome
- PAe0
- Value
- 28%e0
Not reportedQualifier
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“PA (28%), LA (32.8%), LNA (18.6%), and SA (7.5%).”
t0“Soybean Seedlings”
Claim · model-written summary
Control samples had 32.8% linoleic acid.
- Taxon
- SoybeanGlycine maxt0
- Outcome
- LAe0
- Value
- 32.8%e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“PA (28%), LA (32.8%), LNA (18.6%), and SA (7.5%).”
t0“Soybean Seedlings”
Claim · model-written summary
Control samples had 18.6% linolenic acid.
- Taxon
- SoybeanGlycine maxt0
- Outcome
- LNAe0
- Value
- 18.6%e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“PA (28%), LA (32.8%), LNA (18.6%), and SA (7.5%).”
t0“Soybean Seedlings”
Claim · model-written summary
Control samples had 7.5% stearic acid.
- Taxon
- SoybeanGlycine maxt0
- Outcome
- SAe0
- Value
- 7.5%e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“PA (28%), LA (32.8%), LNA (18.6%), and SA (7.5%).”
t0“Soybean Seedlings”
Claim · model-written summary
Pcc seed infection increased unsaturated fatty acid content.
- Taxon
- SoybeanGlycine maxt0
- Treatment
- Pcc infectione0
- Interactor
- Pcce0pathogen
- Outcome
- content of unsaturated FAse0
- Direction
- amplifiede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Pcc infection of the seeds amplified the content of unsaturated FAs.”
t0“Soybean Seedlings”
Claim · model-written summary
Se/AG NC seed nanopriming altered the seedling fatty acid profile.
- Taxon
- SoybeanGlycine maxt0
- Treatment
- Nanopriming of the seeds with Se/AG NCe0
- Outcome
- seedling FA profilee0
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Nanopriming of the seeds with Se/AG NC had an obvious influence on the seedling FA profile.”
t0“Soybean Seedlings”
Claim · model-written summary
Se/AG NC treatment of infected seeds maintained the soybean seedling fatty acid profile at the control level and weakened pathogen damage.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxe0
- Treatment
- Treatment of soybean seeds infected with Pcc using Se/AG NCe0
- Interactor
- Pcce0pathogen
- Outcome
- soybean seedlings’ FA profilee0
- Direction
- maintaine0
- Comparator
- control levele0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Treatment of soybean seeds infected with Pcc using Se/AG NC caused weakening of the detrimental effects of the pathogen, while giving the possibility to maintain soybean seedlings’ FA profile at the control level.”
Claim · model-written summary
Pcc seed treatment elevated GmFAD8-2 transcript levels in soybean seedlings.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxe0
- Treatment
- Pcce0
- Interactor
- Pcce0pathogen
- Gene
- GmFAD8-2e0
- Outcome
- Transcript levelse0
- Direction
- elevatede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Transcript levels of the GmFAD8-2 gene encoding the membrane-bound omega-3 FA desaturase (FAD) were elevated for soybean seedlings after both Pcc and Se/AG NC seed treatment processes.”
Claim · model-written summary
Se/AG NC seed treatment elevated GmFAD8-2 transcript levels in soybean seedlings.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxe0
- Treatment
- Se/AG NC seed treatmente0
- Gene
- GmFAD8-2e0
- Outcome
- Transcript levelse0
- Direction
- elevatede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Transcript levels of the GmFAD8-2 gene encoding the membrane-bound omega-3 FA desaturase (FAD) were elevated for soybean seedlings after both Pcc and Se/AG NC seed treatment processes.”
Claim · model-written summary
Seed infection increased the soybean fatty acid double-bond index.
- Taxon
- SoybeanGlycine maxt0
- Treatment
- seed infectione0
- Outcome
- FA double-bond index (DBI)e0
- Direction
- grewe0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The FA double-bond index (DBI) grew under the influence of seed infection and dropped under other treatments.”
t0“Soybean Seedlings”
Claim · model-written summary
Other treatments decreased the soybean fatty acid double-bond index.
- Taxon
- SoybeanGlycine maxt0
- Treatment
- other treatmentse0
- Outcome
- FA double-bond index (DBI)e0
- Direction
- droppede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The FA double-bond index (DBI) grew under the influence of seed infection and dropped under other treatments.”
t0“Soybean Seedlings”
Claim · model-written summary
Se/AG NC nanopriming reduced stress in Pcc-infected plants as indicated by ABA content.
- Taxon
- SoybeanGlycine maxt0
- Treatment
- Nanopriming of the seeds with Se/AG NCe0
- Interactor
- Pcce0pathogen
- Outcome
- stresse0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Qualifier
- abscisic acid (ABA) contente0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Nanopriming of the seeds with Se/AG NC effectively reduced stress in Pcc-infected plants, as evidenced by analysis of the abscisic acid (ABA) content.”
t0“Soybean Seedlings”
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