Abstract
Elevated cadmium (Cd) contamination in agricultural soils threatens ecological health and food security. This study evaluated synergistic potential of four Brassica species (Brassica juncea, Brassica carinata, Brassica napus, and Brassica rapa) combined with two Cd tolerant, plant growth-promoting (PGP) Bacillus strains (Bacillus tequilensis and Bacillus zhangzhouensis) for the restoration of Cd spiked soil. A 90-day pot experiment arranged in a randomized complete block design showed that Cd stress markedly reduced plant growth, while bacterial inoculation particularly with B. tequilensis, significantly improved biomass, chlorophyll content, antioxidant activity, and reduced oxidative stress indicators (MDA, H2O2). Among species, B. napus demonstrated highest shoot and root biomass (18.89 g FW, 0.34 g DW, and 1.40 g FW, 0.21 g DW), and elevated Cd accumulation (BAF = 0.98, TF = 1.90). Phytoextraction efficiencies were graded as (1) B. napus (77%), (2) B. juncea (68%), (3) B. rapa (67%), and (4) B. carinata (62%). B. napus showed the highest phytoextraction efficiency, exceeding B. juncea, B. rapa, and B. carinata by 9%, 10%, and 15%, respectively. Soil enzymes and physicochemical properties improved with inoculation. These findings highlight B. napus inoculated with B. tequilensis as a viable option for restoring Cd-contaminated soils. Further, field scale validation is recommended.
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Claims 20
Claim · model-written summary
Cadmium stress reduced Brassica growth.
BrassicaNot reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“A 90-day pot experiment arranged in a randomized complete block design showed that Cd stress markedly reduced plant growth, while bacterial inoculation particularly with B. tequilensis, significantly improved biomass, chlorophyll content, antioxidant activity, and reduced oxidative stress indicators (MDA, H2O2).”
t0“Brassica species”
Claim · model-written summary
Bacterial inoculation, especially B. tequilensis, improved biomass.
- Treatment
- bacterial inoculation particularly with B. tequilensise0
- Interactor
- B. tequilensisBacillus tequilensise0symbiont
- Outcome
- biomasse0
- Direction
- improvede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“A 90-day pot experiment arranged in a randomized complete block design showed that Cd stress markedly reduced plant growth, while bacterial inoculation particularly with B. tequilensis, significantly improved biomass, chlorophyll content, antioxidant activity, and reduced oxidative stress indicators (MDA, H2O2).”
t0“Brassica species”
Claim · model-written summary
Bacterial inoculation, especially B. tequilensis, improved chlorophyll content.
- Treatment
- bacterial inoculation particularly with B. tequilensise0
- Interactor
- B. tequilensisBacillus tequilensise0symbiont
- Outcome
- chlorophyll contente0
- Direction
- improvede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“A 90-day pot experiment arranged in a randomized complete block design showed that Cd stress markedly reduced plant growth, while bacterial inoculation particularly with B. tequilensis, significantly improved biomass, chlorophyll content, antioxidant activity, and reduced oxidative stress indicators (MDA, H2O2).”
t0“Brassica species”
Claim · model-written summary
Bacterial inoculation, especially B. tequilensis, improved antioxidant activity.
- Treatment
- bacterial inoculation particularly with B. tequilensise0
- Interactor
- B. tequilensisBacillus tequilensise0symbiont
- Outcome
- antioxidant activitye0
- Direction
- improvede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“A 90-day pot experiment arranged in a randomized complete block design showed that Cd stress markedly reduced plant growth, while bacterial inoculation particularly with B. tequilensis, significantly improved biomass, chlorophyll content, antioxidant activity, and reduced oxidative stress indicators (MDA, H2O2).”
t0“Brassica species”
Claim · model-written summary
Bacterial inoculation, especially B. tequilensis, reduced oxidative stress indicators (MDA, H2O2).
- Treatment
- bacterial inoculation particularly with B. tequilensise0
- Interactor
- B. tequilensisBacillus tequilensise0symbiont
- Outcome
- oxidative stress indicators (MDA, H2O2)e0
- Direction
- reducede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“A 90-day pot experiment arranged in a randomized complete block design showed that Cd stress markedly reduced plant growth, while bacterial inoculation particularly with B. tequilensis, significantly improved biomass, chlorophyll content, antioxidant activity, and reduced oxidative stress indicators (MDA, H2O2).”
t0“Brassica species”
Claim · model-written summary
B. napus had highest biomass (18.89 g FW).
- Taxon
- B. napus
_Brassica_napus_-_Habit.jpg?width=60)
Brassica napuse0 - Outcome
- biomasse0
- Direction
- higheste0
- Value
- 18.89 g FWe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
_Brassica_napus_-_Habit.jpg?width=500)
Verbatim
e0“Among species, B. napus demonstrated highest shoot and root biomass (18.89 g FW, 0.34 g DW, and 1.40 g FW, 0.21 g DW), and elevated Cd accumulation (BAF = 0.98, TF = 1.90).”
t0“Brassica species”
Claim · model-written summary
B. napus had highest biomass (0.34 g DW).
- Taxon
- B. napusBrassica napuse0
- Outcome
- biomasse0
- Direction
- higheste0
- Value
- 0.34 g DWe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Among species, B. napus demonstrated highest shoot and root biomass (18.89 g FW, 0.34 g DW, and 1.40 g FW, 0.21 g DW), and elevated Cd accumulation (BAF = 0.98, TF = 1.90).”
t0“Brassica species”
Claim · model-written summary
B. napus had highest root biomass (1.40 g FW).
- Taxon
- B. napusBrassica napuse0
- Outcome
- root biomasse0
- Direction
- higheste0
- Value
- 1.40 g FWe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Among species, B. napus demonstrated highest shoot and root biomass (18.89 g FW, 0.34 g DW, and 1.40 g FW, 0.21 g DW), and elevated Cd accumulation (BAF = 0.98, TF = 1.90).”
t0“Brassica species”
Claim · model-written summary
B. napus had highest root biomass (0.21 g DW).
- Taxon
- B. napusBrassica napuse0
- Outcome
- root biomasse0
- Direction
- higheste0
- Value
- 0.21 g DWe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Among species, B. napus demonstrated highest shoot and root biomass (18.89 g FW, 0.34 g DW, and 1.40 g FW, 0.21 g DW), and elevated Cd accumulation (BAF = 0.98, TF = 1.90).”
t0“Brassica species”
Claim · model-written summary
B. napus had elevated Cd accumulation (BAF = 0.98).
- Taxon
- B. napusBrassica napuse0
- Outcome
- Cd accumulatione0
- Direction
- elevatede0
- Value
- BAF = 0.98e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Among species, B. napus demonstrated highest shoot and root biomass (18.89 g FW, 0.34 g DW, and 1.40 g FW, 0.21 g DW), and elevated Cd accumulation (BAF = 0.98, TF = 1.90).”
t0“Brassica species”
Claim · model-written summary
B. napus had elevated Cd accumulation (TF = 1.90).
- Taxon
- B. napusBrassica napuse0
- Outcome
- Cd accumulatione0
- Direction
- elevatede0
- Value
- TF = 1.90e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Among species, B. napus demonstrated highest shoot and root biomass (18.89 g FW, 0.34 g DW, and 1.40 g FW, 0.21 g DW), and elevated Cd accumulation (BAF = 0.98, TF = 1.90).”
t0“Brassica species”
Claim · model-written summary
B. napus had phytoextraction efficiency of 77%.
- Taxon
- B. napusBrassica napuse0
- Outcome
- Phytoextraction efficienciese0
- Value
- 77%e0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Phytoextraction efficiencies were graded as (1) B. napus (77%), (2) B. juncea (68%), (3) B. rapa (67%), and (4) B. carinata (62%).”
t0“Brassica species”
Claim · model-written summary
B. juncea had phytoextraction efficiency of 68%.
- Taxon
- B. juncea
Brassica junceae0 - Outcome
- Phytoextraction efficienciese0
- Value
- 68%e0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Phytoextraction efficiencies were graded as (1) B. napus (77%), (2) B. juncea (68%), (3) B. rapa (67%), and (4) B. carinata (62%).”
t0“Brassica species”
Claim · model-written summary
B. rapa had phytoextraction efficiency of 67%.
- Taxon
- B. rapa
Brassica rapae0 - Outcome
- Phytoextraction efficienciese0
- Value
- 67%e0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Phytoextraction efficiencies were graded as (1) B. napus (77%), (2) B. juncea (68%), (3) B. rapa (67%), and (4) B. carinata (62%).”
t0“Brassica species”
Claim · model-written summary
B. carinata had phytoextraction efficiency of 62%.
- Taxon
- B. carinata
Brassica carinatae0 - Outcome
- Phytoextraction efficienciese0
- Value
- 62%e0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Phytoextraction efficiencies were graded as (1) B. napus (77%), (2) B. juncea (68%), (3) B. rapa (67%), and (4) B. carinata (62%).”
t0“Brassica species”
Claim · model-written summary
B. napus exceeded B. juncea in phytoextraction efficiency by 9%.
- Taxon
- B. napusBrassica napuse0
- Outcome
- phytoextraction efficiencye0
- Direction
- exceedinge0
- Value
- 9%e0
- Comparator
- B. junceae0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“B. napus showed the highest phytoextraction efficiency, exceeding B. juncea, B. rapa, and B. carinata by 9%, 10%, and 15%, respectively.”
t0“Brassica species”
Claim · model-written summary
B. napus exceeded B. rapa in phytoextraction efficiency by 10%.
- Taxon
- B. napusBrassica napuse0
- Outcome
- phytoextraction efficiencye0
- Direction
- exceedinge0
- Value
- 10%e0
- Comparator
- B. rapae0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“B. napus showed the highest phytoextraction efficiency, exceeding B. juncea, B. rapa, and B. carinata by 9%, 10%, and 15%, respectively.”
t0“Brassica species”
Claim · model-written summary
B. napus exceeded B. carinata in phytoextraction efficiency by 15%.
- Taxon
- B. napusBrassica napuse0
- Outcome
- phytoextraction efficiencye0
- Direction
- exceedinge0
- Value
- 15%e0
- Comparator
- B. carinatae0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“B. napus showed the highest phytoextraction efficiency, exceeding B. juncea, B. rapa, and B. carinata by 9%, 10%, and 15%, respectively.”
t0“Brassica species”
Claim · model-written summary
Inoculation improved soil enzymes and physicochemical properties.
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Soil enzymes and physicochemical properties improved with inoculation.”
t0“Brassica species”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors identify B. napus inoculated with B. tequilensis as an option for restoring Cd-contaminated soil.
- Taxon
- B. napusBrassica napuse0
- Treatment
- inoculated with B. tequilensise0
- Interactor
- B. tequilensisBacillus tequilensise0symbiont
- Outcome
- restoring Cd-contaminated soilse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“These findings highlight B. napus inoculated with B. tequilensis as a viable option for restoring Cd-contaminated soils.”
The same questions in other papers
cadmium atom · growth · BrassicaResults agree
1 paper in the same direction as this paper
- negative
inoculation · growth · BrassicaPositive and negative results
2 papers in the same direction as this paper · 1 in the opposite direction
- negative
- positive
- positive
heavy metal · growth · BrassicaResults agree
3 papers in the same direction as this paper
- negative
- negative
- negative
Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.