Abstract
Stored-product insects cause substantial losses to seeds during storage, necessitating alternatives to conventional synthetic pesticides that pose environmental and resistance challenges. The study explores a green synthesis route using river sand-derived silica nanoparticles (SiO 2 NPs) for the management of Sitophilus oryzae , Callosobruchus maculatus , and Lasioderma serricorne , while evaluating insecticidal efficiency and seed safety. SiO 2 NPs were synthesized and characterized using UV–vis spectroscopy, XRD, FTIR, zeta potential analysis, HR-TEM, FE-SEM, and EDAX. In silico docking assessed interactions with detoxification and neural enzymes, complemented by in vivo insect bioassays, biochemical validation, and seed physiological studies across maize, green gram, and coriander. The NPs exhibited a UV–vis peak at 232 nm with a 5.11 eV band gap, spherical morphology of 33–35 nm, an amorphous structure, a silica-dominant composition, and strong colloidal stability. In silico analysis revealed binding to glutathione S-transferase and mixed-function oxidases, corroborated by biochemical assays. Bioassays showed dose- and time-dependent mortality, with LD 50 /LD 90 values of 1.70/11.48 ( S. oryzae ), 0.60/9.12 ( C. maculatus ), and 1.97/13.94 mg/100 g seeds ( L. serricorne ), primarily via a physical mode of action. Seed treatments enhanced germination and agro-morphological traits while maintaining regulated antioxidant activity, confirming physiological compatibility. Silicon accumulation further validated effective uptake. Collectively, river sand-derived SiO₂ NPs act as a dual-function system integrating insect suppression with seed performance enhancement, offering a scalable, eco-compatible strategy for stored-seed protection, with potential for field-scale application and nutrient-engineered NP optimization.
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Claims 9
Claim · model-written summary
Silica nanoparticles gave an LD50 of 1.70 against Sitophilus oryzae.
- Taxon
- maize, green gram, and coriander
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Vigna radiata var. radiata
Coriandrum sativum
Zea mayse2 - Interactor
- S. oryzae
Sitophilus oryzaee1pest - Outcome
- LD 50 /LD 90 valuese1
- Value
- 1.70/11.48e1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
.jpg?width=500)
Verbatim
e1“LD 50 /LD 90 values of 1.70/11.48 ( S. oryzae ), 0.60/9.12 ( C. maculatus ), and 1.97/13.94 mg/100 g seeds ( L. serricorne )”
e2“seed physiological studies across maize, green gram, and coriander”
Claim · model-written summary
Silica nanoparticles gave an LD50 of 0.60 against Callosobruchus maculatus.
- Taxon
- maize, green gram, and corianderVigna radiata var. radiataCoriandrum sativumZea mayse2
- Interactor
- C. maculatus
Callosobruchus maculatuse1pest - Outcome
- LD 50 /LD 90 valuese1
- Value
- 0.60/9.12e1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“LD 50 /LD 90 values of 1.70/11.48 ( S. oryzae ), 0.60/9.12 ( C. maculatus ), and 1.97/13.94 mg/100 g seeds ( L. serricorne )”
e2“seed physiological studies across maize, green gram, and coriander”
Claim · model-written summary
Silica nanoparticles gave an LD50 of 1.97 mg/100 g seeds against Lasioderma serricorne.
- Taxon
- maize, green gram, and corianderVigna radiata var. radiataCoriandrum sativumZea mayse2
- Interactor
- L. serricorne
Lasioderma serricornee1pest - Outcome
- LD 50 /LD 90 valuese1
- Value
- 1.97/13.94 mg/100 g seedse1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“LD 50 /LD 90 values of 1.70/11.48 ( S. oryzae ), 0.60/9.12 ( C. maculatus ), and 1.97/13.94 mg/100 g seeds ( L. serricorne )”
e2“seed physiological studies across maize, green gram, and coriander”
Claim · model-written summary
Silica nanoparticles caused dose- and time-dependent mortality of stored-product insects.
- Taxon
- maize, green gram, and corianderVigna radiata var. radiataCoriandrum sativumZea mayse2
- Treatment
- dosee3
- Outcome
- mortalitye3
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e2“seed physiological studies across maize, green gram, and coriander”
e3“Bioassays showed dose- and time-dependent mortality”
Claim · model-written summary
In silico docking revealed binding of the silica nanoparticles to glutathione S-transferase and mixed-function oxidases of the insects.
- Taxon
- maize, green gram, and corianderVigna radiata var. radiataCoriandrum sativumZea mayse2
- Gene
- glutathione S-transferase and mixed-function oxidasese4
- Outcome
- bindinge4
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e2“seed physiological studies across maize, green gram, and coriander”
e4“In silico analysis revealed binding to glutathione S-transferase and mixed-function oxidases”
Claim · model-written summary
Mortality from the silica nanoparticles is primarily due to a physical mode of action.
- Taxon
- maize, green gram, and corianderVigna radiata var. radiataCoriandrum sativumZea mayse2
- Outcome
- mortalitye3
- Qualifier
- physical mode of actione5
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e2“seed physiological studies across maize, green gram, and coriander”
e3“Bioassays showed dose- and time-dependent mortality”
e5“primarily via a physical mode of action”
Claim · model-written summary
Seed treatment with the silica nanoparticles enhanced germination and agro-morphological traits.
- Taxon
- maize, green gram, and corianderVigna radiata var. radiataCoriandrum sativumZea mayse2
- Treatment
- Seed treatmentse6
- Outcome
- germination and agro-morphological traitse6
- Direction
- enhancede6
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e2“seed physiological studies across maize, green gram, and coriander”
e6“Seed treatments enhanced germination and agro-morphological traits”
Claim · model-written summary
Seed treatment with the silica nanoparticles maintained regulated antioxidant activity.
- Taxon
- maize, green gram, and corianderVigna radiata var. radiataCoriandrum sativumZea mayse2
- Treatment
- Seed treatmentse6
- Outcome
- antioxidant activitye7
- Direction
- maintaininge7
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e2“seed physiological studies across maize, green gram, and coriander”
e6“Seed treatments enhanced germination and agro-morphological traits”
e7“while maintaining regulated antioxidant activity”
Claim · model-written summary
Silicon accumulation in the seeds validated effective uptake of the silica nanoparticles.
- Taxon
- maize, green gram, and corianderVigna radiata var. radiataCoriandrum sativumZea mayse2
- Outcome
- Silicon accumulatione7
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e2“seed physiological studies across maize, green gram, and coriander”
e7“Silicon accumulation further validated effective uptake”
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