Abstract
Biological control with (PGPB) is a renewable and eco-friendly alternative to chemical pesticides for managing soil-borne diseases. In this study, Bacillus cereus, Arthrobacter sp., and their combination were tested against Fusarium wilt in tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) under healthy and diseased conditions. The combined application of B. cereus and Arthrobacter sp. was the most effective against Fusarium rot, reducing the disease index to 17.5% (79.4% protection). The treatment of B. cereus + Arthrobacter sp. recorded the highest total chlorophyll ( 34.26±0.43 mg g⁻¹ of plant tissue), shoot and root length (122.00± 1.32 and 41.00 ± 2 cm, respectively) as well as shoot fresh and dry weight (57.03±0.9g and 19.62±0.2 g, respectively) and root fresh and dry weight (32.9±0.3g and 13.13±0.2g respectively). On the other hand, the greatest content of free proline content ( 8.33±0.57 mg g ¹ of plant tissue) and total phenolic compounds (153.34±0.01mgg-1tissue), peroxidase (0.44 min g⁻¹of plant tissue), polyphenol oxidase (0.89 min per gram of plant tissue) enzymes in tomato leaves were recorded by the treatment of both bacterial strains associated with the pathogenic fungus. Soil enzyme analyses revealed a significant increase in dehydrogenase (1.150 TPF g⁻¹ dry rhizosphere soil⁻¹ day⁻¹) in the treatment of B. cereus + Arthrobacter sp. treatment. While chitinase and protease activities decreased to 0.63±0.01 and 2.77±0.28c U g-1 h 1, respectively, in the same treatment due to the absence of pathogenic fungus. Anatomical studies confirmed that bacterial inoculations enhanced the size of xylem and phloem tissues.
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Claims 14
Claim · model-written summary
The combined B. cereus and Arthrobacter sp. treatment reduces the tomato Fusarium disease index to 17.5%.
- Taxon
- tomato (Solanum lycopersicum)
Solanum lycopersicume0 - Treatment
- combined application of B. cereus and Arthrobacter sp.e1
- Second interactor
- Bacillus cereus
Bacillus cereuse0biocontrol_agent - Outcome
- disease indexe1
- Direction
- reducinge1
- Value
- 17.5%e1
FusariumNot reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Bacillus cereus, Arthrobacter sp., and their combination were tested against Fusarium wilt in tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) under healthy and diseased conditions”
e1“The combined application of B. cereus and Arthrobacter sp. was the most effective against Fusarium rot, reducing the disease index to 17.5% (79.4% protection)”
Claim · model-written summary
The combined B. cereus and Arthrobacter sp. treatment gives 79.4% protection against tomato Fusarium rot.
- Taxon
- tomato (Solanum lycopersicum)Solanum lycopersicume0
- Treatment
- combined application of B. cereus and Arthrobacter sp.e1
- Second interactor
- Bacillus cereusBacillus cereuse0biocontrol_agent
- Outcome
- protectione1
- Direction
- increaseinferrede1
- Value
- 79.4%e1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Bacillus cereus, Arthrobacter sp., and their combination were tested against Fusarium wilt in tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) under healthy and diseased conditions”
e1“The combined application of B. cereus and Arthrobacter sp. was the most effective against Fusarium rot, reducing the disease index to 17.5% (79.4% protection)”
Claim · model-written summary
The B. cereus + Arthrobacter sp. treatment gives the highest total chlorophyll in tomato leaves.
- Taxon
- tomato (Solanum lycopersicum)Solanum lycopersicume0
- Treatment
- B. cereus + Arthrobacter sp.e2
- Outcome
- total chlorophylle2
- Direction
- higheste2
- Value
- 34.26±0.43 mg g⁻¹e2
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Bacillus cereus, Arthrobacter sp., and their combination were tested against Fusarium wilt in tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) under healthy and diseased conditions”
e2“The treatment of B. cereus + Arthrobacter sp. recorded the highest total chlorophyll ( 34.26±0.43 mg g⁻¹ of plant tissue)”
Claim · model-written summary
The B. cereus + Arthrobacter sp. treatment gives the highest shoot and root length of tomato.
- Taxon
- tomato (Solanum lycopersicum)Solanum lycopersicume0
- Treatment
- B. cereus + Arthrobacter sp.e2
- Outcome
- shoot and root lengthe3
- Direction
- higheste2
- Value
- 122.00± 1.32 and 41.00 ± 2 cme3
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Bacillus cereus, Arthrobacter sp., and their combination were tested against Fusarium wilt in tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) under healthy and diseased conditions”
e2“The treatment of B. cereus + Arthrobacter sp. recorded the highest total chlorophyll ( 34.26±0.43 mg g⁻¹ of plant tissue)”
e3“shoot and root length (122.00± 1.32 and 41.00 ± 2 cm, respectively)”
Claim · model-written summary
The B. cereus + Arthrobacter sp. treatment gives the highest shoot fresh and dry weight of tomato.
- Taxon
- tomato (Solanum lycopersicum)Solanum lycopersicume0
- Treatment
- B. cereus + Arthrobacter sp.e2
- Outcome
- shoot fresh and dry weighte4
- Direction
- higheste2
- Value
- 57.03±0.9g and 19.62±0.2 ge4
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Bacillus cereus, Arthrobacter sp., and their combination were tested against Fusarium wilt in tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) under healthy and diseased conditions”
e2“The treatment of B. cereus + Arthrobacter sp. recorded the highest total chlorophyll ( 34.26±0.43 mg g⁻¹ of plant tissue)”
e4“shoot fresh and dry weight (57.03±0.9g and 19.62±0.2 g, respectively)”
Claim · model-written summary
The B. cereus + Arthrobacter sp. treatment gives the highest root fresh and dry weight of tomato.
- Taxon
- tomato (Solanum lycopersicum)Solanum lycopersicume0
- Treatment
- B. cereus + Arthrobacter sp.e2
- Outcome
- root fresh and dry weighte5
- Direction
- higheste2
- Value
- 32.9±0.3g and 13.13±0.2ge5
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Bacillus cereus, Arthrobacter sp., and their combination were tested against Fusarium wilt in tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) under healthy and diseased conditions”
e2“The treatment of B. cereus + Arthrobacter sp. recorded the highest total chlorophyll ( 34.26±0.43 mg g⁻¹ of plant tissue)”
e5“root fresh and dry weight (32.9±0.3g and 13.13±0.2g respectively)”
Claim · model-written summary
Both bacterial strains together give the greatest free proline content in tomato leaves.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicume3
- Organ / stage
- leavese3
- Treatment
- both bacterial strainse3
- Outcome
- free proline contente3
- Direction
- greateste3
- Value
- 8.33±0.57 mg g ¹e3
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e3“the greatest content of free proline content ( 8.33±0.57 mg g ¹ of plant tissue) and total phenolic compounds (153.34±0.01mgg-1tissue), peroxidase (0.44 min g⁻¹of plant tissue), polyphenol oxidase (0.89 min per gram of plant tissue) enzymes in tomato leaves were recorded by the treatment of both bacterial strains”
Claim · model-written summary
Both bacterial strains together give the greatest total phenolic compound content in tomato leaves.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicume3
- Organ / stage
- leavese3
- Treatment
- both bacterial strainse3
- Outcome
- total phenolic compoundse3
- Direction
- greateste3
- Value
- 153.34±0.01mgg-1tissuee3
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e3“the greatest content of free proline content ( 8.33±0.57 mg g ¹ of plant tissue) and total phenolic compounds (153.34±0.01mgg-1tissue), peroxidase (0.44 min g⁻¹of plant tissue), polyphenol oxidase (0.89 min per gram of plant tissue) enzymes in tomato leaves were recorded by the treatment of both bacterial strains”
Claim · model-written summary
Both bacterial strains together give the greatest peroxidase activity in tomato leaves.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicume3
- Organ / stage
- leavese3
- Treatment
- both bacterial strainse3
- Outcome
- peroxidasee3
- Direction
- greateste3
- Value
- 0.44 min g⁻¹of plant tissuee3
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e3“the greatest content of free proline content ( 8.33±0.57 mg g ¹ of plant tissue) and total phenolic compounds (153.34±0.01mgg-1tissue), peroxidase (0.44 min g⁻¹of plant tissue), polyphenol oxidase (0.89 min per gram of plant tissue) enzymes in tomato leaves were recorded by the treatment of both bacterial strains”
Claim · model-written summary
Both bacterial strains together give the greatest polyphenol oxidase activity in tomato leaves.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicume3
- Organ / stage
- leavese3
- Treatment
- both bacterial strainse3
- Outcome
- polyphenol oxidasee3
- Direction
- greateste3
- Value
- 0.89 min per gram of plant tissuee3
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e3“the greatest content of free proline content ( 8.33±0.57 mg g ¹ of plant tissue) and total phenolic compounds (153.34±0.01mgg-1tissue), peroxidase (0.44 min g⁻¹of plant tissue), polyphenol oxidase (0.89 min per gram of plant tissue) enzymes in tomato leaves were recorded by the treatment of both bacterial strains”
Claim · model-written summary
The B. cereus + Arthrobacter sp. treatment significantly increases dehydrogenase activity in tomato rhizosphere soil.
- Taxon
- tomato (Solanum lycopersicum)Solanum lycopersicume0
- Organ / stage
- rhizosphere soile4
- Treatment
- B. cereus + Arthrobacter sp.e4
- Outcome
- dehydrogenasee4
- Direction
- increasee4
- Value
- 1.150 TPF g⁻¹ dry rhizosphere soil⁻¹ day⁻¹e4
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Bacillus cereus, Arthrobacter sp., and their combination were tested against Fusarium wilt in tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) under healthy and diseased conditions”
e4“Soil enzyme analyses revealed a significant increase in dehydrogenase (1.150 TPF g⁻¹ dry rhizosphere soil⁻¹ day⁻¹) in the treatment of B. cereus + Arthrobacter sp. treatment”
Claim · model-written summary
The B. cereus + Arthrobacter sp. treatment decreases chitinase activity in the absence of the pathogenic fungus.
- Taxon
- tomato (Solanum lycopersicum)Solanum lycopersicume0
- Treatment
- B. cereus + Arthrobacter sp.e4
- Outcome
- chitinasee5
- Direction
- decreasede5
- Value
- 0.63±0.01e5
- Qualifier
- due to the absence of pathogenic funguse5
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Bacillus cereus, Arthrobacter sp., and their combination were tested against Fusarium wilt in tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) under healthy and diseased conditions”
e4“Soil enzyme analyses revealed a significant increase in dehydrogenase (1.150 TPF g⁻¹ dry rhizosphere soil⁻¹ day⁻¹) in the treatment of B. cereus + Arthrobacter sp. treatment”
e5“While chitinase and protease activities decreased to 0.63±0.01 and 2.77±0.28c U g-1 h 1, respectively, in the same treatment due to the absence of pathogenic fungus”
Claim · model-written summary
The B. cereus + Arthrobacter sp. treatment decreases protease activity in the absence of the pathogenic fungus.
- Taxon
- tomato (Solanum lycopersicum)Solanum lycopersicume0
- Treatment
- B. cereus + Arthrobacter sp.e4
- Outcome
- protease activitiese5
- Direction
- decreasede5
- Value
- 2.77±0.28c U g-1 h 1e5
- Qualifier
- due to the absence of pathogenic funguse5
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Bacillus cereus, Arthrobacter sp., and their combination were tested against Fusarium wilt in tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) under healthy and diseased conditions”
e4“Soil enzyme analyses revealed a significant increase in dehydrogenase (1.150 TPF g⁻¹ dry rhizosphere soil⁻¹ day⁻¹) in the treatment of B. cereus + Arthrobacter sp. treatment”
e5“While chitinase and protease activities decreased to 0.63±0.01 and 2.77±0.28c U g-1 h 1, respectively, in the same treatment due to the absence of pathogenic fungus”
Claim · model-written summary
Bacterial inoculation enhances the size of xylem and phloem tissues in tomato.
- Taxon
- tomato (Solanum lycopersicum)Solanum lycopersicume0
- Organ / stage
- xylem and phloem tissuese6
- Treatment
- bacterial inoculationse6
- Outcome
- size of xylem and phloem tissuese6
- Direction
- enhancede6
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Bacillus cereus, Arthrobacter sp., and their combination were tested against Fusarium wilt in tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) under healthy and diseased conditions”
e6“Anatomical studies confirmed that bacterial inoculations enhanced the size of xylem and phloem tissues”
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