Abstract
Weed interference and herbicide-induced phytotoxicity, particularly from HPPD inhibitors such as tembotrione, represent significant limitations to yield stability in grain sorghum. Developing strategies to enhance crop tolerance without compromising weed control is of high practical interest. This study tested the hypothesis that a commercial Ascophyllum nodosum-based biostimulant can mitigate tembotrione-induced oxidative stress and phytotoxicity in sorghum without compromising the weed-control activity of the herbicide. Sorghum plants at the V4 phenological stage (four fully expanded leaves) were subjected to five treatments: (1) untreated control; (2) biostimulant application alone; (3) tembotrione application alone; (4) simultaneous application of tembotrione and biostimulant; and (5) tembotrione followed by biostimulant application after six days of application (6 DAT). After 10 days of treatment, photosynthetic pigment synthesis, primary photochemistry, gas exchange, antioxidant metabolism, phytotoxicity levels, growth parameters, and yield indices were evaluated. The results support the hypothesis that A. nodosum-based biostimulants can act as effective mitigating agents. The biostimulant sustained carotenoid levels and preserved the stability of the photosynthetic apparatus (PSII), counteracting HPPD enzyme inhibition caused by the herbicide. Isolated biostimulant application upregulated net photosynthesis by 60%, while simultaneous co-application with tembotrione preserved membrane integrity and the leaf area index. Furthermore, the efficacy of the mitigation strategy was highly time-dependent, as simultaneous co-application proved superior to the delayed (6 DAT) intervention. From an agronomic perspective, the biostimulant reduced visual injury and restored the grain number per plant to control levels under simultaneous co-application, although the final yield of combined treatments did not differ statistically from either the untreated control or the treatment of tembotrione alone. This study shows that the integration of A. nodosum extracts into the chemical management of sensitive crops represents a viable biotechnological strategy to enhance herbicide selectivity and yield stability.
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Claims 9
Claim · model-written summary
Isolated biostimulant application raised net photosynthesis by 60% in sorghum.
- Taxon
- grain sorghum
Sorghum bicolore0 - Treatment
- Isolated biostimulant applicatione1
- Outcome
- net photosynthesise1
- Direction
- upregulatede1
- Value
- 60%e1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“yield stability in grain sorghum”
e1“Isolated biostimulant application upregulated net photosynthesis by 60%”
Claim · model-written summary
Simultaneous co-application of the biostimulant with tembotrione preserved membrane integrity and leaf area index in sorghum.
- Taxon
- grain sorghumSorghum bicolore0
- Treatment
- simultaneous co-application with tembotrionee2
- Outcome
- membrane integrity and the leaf area indexe2
- Direction
- preservede2
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“yield stability in grain sorghum”
e2“simultaneous co-application with tembotrione preserved membrane integrity and the leaf area index”
Claim · model-written summary
The biostimulant sustained carotenoid levels in tembotrione-treated sorghum.
- Taxon
- grain sorghumSorghum bicolore0
- Treatment
- The biostimulante3
- Outcome
- carotenoid levelse3
- Direction
- sustainede3
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“yield stability in grain sorghum”
e3“The biostimulant sustained carotenoid levels and preserved the stability of the photosynthetic apparatus (PSII)”
Claim · model-written summary
The biostimulant preserved the stability of the photosynthetic apparatus (PSII) in sorghum.
- Taxon
- grain sorghumSorghum bicolore0
- Treatment
- The biostimulante3
- Outcome
- stability of the photosynthetic apparatus (PSII)e3
- Direction
- preservede3
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“yield stability in grain sorghum”
e3“The biostimulant sustained carotenoid levels and preserved the stability of the photosynthetic apparatus (PSII)”
Claim · model-written summary
The biostimulant counteracted HPPD enzyme inhibition caused by tembotrione in sorghum.
- Taxon
- grain sorghumSorghum bicolore0
- Treatment
- The biostimulante3
- Gene
- HPPDe5
- Outcome
- HPPD enzyme inhibitione5
- Direction
- counteractinge5
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“yield stability in grain sorghum”
e3“The biostimulant sustained carotenoid levels and preserved the stability of the photosynthetic apparatus (PSII)”
e5“counteracting HPPD enzyme inhibition caused by the herbicide”
Claim · model-written summary
Simultaneous co-application was superior to delayed (6 DAT) biostimulant application for the efficacy of the mitigation strategy.
- Taxon
- grain sorghumSorghum bicolore0
- Treatment
- simultaneous co-applicatione6
- Outcome
- efficacy of the mitigation strategye6
- Direction
- superiore6
- Comparator
- delayed (6 DAT) interventione6
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“yield stability in grain sorghum”
e6“the efficacy of the mitigation strategy was highly time-dependent, as simultaneous co-application proved superior to the delayed (6 DAT) intervention”
Claim · model-written summary
The biostimulant reduced visual injury in tembotrione-treated sorghum.
- Taxon
- grain sorghumSorghum bicolore0
- Treatment
- the biostimulante7
- Outcome
- visual injurye7
- Direction
- reducede7
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“yield stability in grain sorghum”
e7“the biostimulant reduced visual injury and restored the grain number per plant to control levels under simultaneous co-application”
Claim · model-written summary
Under simultaneous co-application the grain number per plant was restored to control levels in sorghum.
- Taxon
- grain sorghumSorghum bicolore0
- Treatment
- simultaneous co-applicatione7
- Outcome
- grain number per plante7
- Direction
- restorede7
- Comparator
- control levelse7
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“yield stability in grain sorghum”
e7“the biostimulant reduced visual injury and restored the grain number per plant to control levels under simultaneous co-application”
Claim · model-written summary
Final yield of combined treatments did not differ statistically from the untreated control or from tembotrione alone in sorghum.
- Taxon
- grain sorghumSorghum bicolore0
- Treatment
- combined treatmentse6
- Outcome
- final yielde6
- Direction
- did not differ statisticallye6
- Comparator
- untreated controle6
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“yield stability in grain sorghum”
e6“the final yield of combined treatments did not differ statistically from either the untreated control or the treatment of tembotrione alone”
The same questions in other papers
tembotrione · growth · Sorghum bicolor (sorghum)Positive and negative results
1 paper in the same direction as this paper · 1 in the opposite direction
- negative
- positive
other · physiology: photosynthesis · Sorghum bicolor (sorghum)Results agree
2 papers in the same direction as this paper
- positive
- positive
Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.