Abstract
• Time of infection affects disease severity in Brassica • Morning infection increases Xanthomonas susceptibility • Evening inoculation enhances metabolic defenses • Oleamide lowers symptoms via lipid remodeling • Daily plant state modulates stress resistance Plants integrate circadian cues to coordinate metabolism and defense, yet the impact of infection timing on crop immunity remains largely unexplored. Here, we demonstrate that Brassica oleracea exhibits strong diurnal variation in resistance to Xanthomonas campestris pv. campestris ( Xcc ): inoculation at the end of the photoperiod (PM) consistently reduced disease severity compared with morning (AM) infections. Integrating physiological measurements, targeted primary-metabolite profiling, and untargeted UHPLC-QToF metabolomics, we show that PM-infected plants display enhanced metabolic flexibility, characterized by increased TCA-cycle intermediates, branched-chain amino acids, jasmonate-related lipids, and fatty acid primary amides. Among these, oleamide emerged as a key time-dependent metabolite, accumulating specifically in PM-infected plants. Exogenous oleamide application partially reproduced the PM-resistant metabolic state, attenuating disease symptoms and inducing stable lipid and phenylpropanoid remodeling. Metabolomics also indicated increased endogenous oleamide after treatment, while in vitro assays revealed direct growth inhibition of Xcc , suggesting complementary antimicrobial activity. Together, our results uncover a temporal dimension in B. oleracea immunity and identify oleamide as a promising lipid-derived modulator of diurnal defense reprogramming with potential for time-optimized disease management.
Abstract from the paper’s OpenAlex record; open copy licensed cc-by-nc. Read at the source ↗
The text the model read, with the source record’s inline markup (italics, sub- and superscripts) rendered and its character entities decoded; quote offsets refer to the raw text.
Claims 8
Claim · model-written summary
Inoculation at the end of the photoperiod consistently reduced disease severity in Brassica oleracea compared with morning infection.
- Taxon
- Brassica oleracea
Brassica oleraceae1 - Treatment
- inoculation at the end of the photoperiod (PM)e1
- Interactor
- Xanthomonas campestris pv. campestris
Xanthomonas campestris pv. campestrise1pathogen - Outcome
- disease severitye1
- Direction
- reducede1
- Comparator
- morning (AM) infectionse1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“Brassica oleracea exhibits strong diurnal variation in resistance to Xanthomonas campestris pv. campestris ( Xcc ): inoculation at the end of the photoperiod (PM) consistently reduced disease severity compared with morning (AM) infections”
Claim · model-written summary
PM-infected plants showed increased TCA-cycle intermediates, branched-chain amino acids and jasmonate-related lipids.
- Taxon
- Brassica oleraceaBrassica oleraceae1
- Treatment
- PM-infected plantse2
- Outcome
- TCA-cycle intermediates, branched-chain amino acids, jasmonate-related lipidse2
- Direction
- increasede2
- Comparator
- morning (AM) infectionse1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“Brassica oleracea exhibits strong diurnal variation in resistance to Xanthomonas campestris pv. campestris ( Xcc ): inoculation at the end of the photoperiod (PM) consistently reduced disease severity compared with morning (AM) infections”
e2“PM-infected plants display enhanced metabolic flexibility, characterized by increased TCA-cycle intermediates, branched-chain amino acids, jasmonate-related lipids, and fatty acid primary amides”
Claim · model-written summary
PM-infected plants showed increased fatty acid primary amides.
- Taxon
- Brassica oleraceaBrassica oleraceae1
- Treatment
- PM-infected plantse2
- Outcome
- fatty acid primary amidese2
- Direction
- increasede2
- Comparator
- morning (AM) infectionse1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“Brassica oleracea exhibits strong diurnal variation in resistance to Xanthomonas campestris pv. campestris ( Xcc ): inoculation at the end of the photoperiod (PM) consistently reduced disease severity compared with morning (AM) infections”
e2“PM-infected plants display enhanced metabolic flexibility, characterized by increased TCA-cycle intermediates, branched-chain amino acids, jasmonate-related lipids, and fatty acid primary amides”
Claim · model-written summary
Oleamide accumulated specifically in PM-infected Brassica oleracea plants.
- Taxon
- Brassica oleraceaBrassica oleraceae1
- Treatment
- PM-infected plantse3
- Outcome
- oleamidee3
- Direction
- accumulatinge3
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“Brassica oleracea exhibits strong diurnal variation in resistance to Xanthomonas campestris pv. campestris ( Xcc ): inoculation at the end of the photoperiod (PM) consistently reduced disease severity compared with morning (AM) infections”
e3“Among these, oleamide emerged as a key time-dependent metabolite, accumulating specifically in PM-infected plants”
Claim · model-written summary
Exogenous oleamide application attenuated disease symptoms caused by Xanthomonas campestris pv. campestris in Brassica oleracea.
- Taxon
- Brassica oleraceaBrassica oleraceae1
- Treatment
- Exogenous oleamide applicatione4
- Interactor
- Xanthomonas campestris pv. campestrisXanthomonas campestris pv. campestrise1pathogen
- Outcome
- disease symptomse4
- Direction
- attenuatinge4
- Qualifier
- partially reproduced the PM-resistant metabolic statee4
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“Brassica oleracea exhibits strong diurnal variation in resistance to Xanthomonas campestris pv. campestris ( Xcc ): inoculation at the end of the photoperiod (PM) consistently reduced disease severity compared with morning (AM) infections”
e4“Exogenous oleamide application partially reproduced the PM-resistant metabolic state, attenuating disease symptoms and inducing stable lipid and phenylpropanoid remodeling”
Claim · model-written summary
Exogenous oleamide application induced stable lipid and phenylpropanoid remodeling in Brassica oleracea.
- Taxon
- Brassica oleraceaBrassica oleraceae1
- Treatment
- Exogenous oleamide applicatione4
- Outcome
- lipid and phenylpropanoid remodelinge4
- Direction
- inducinge4
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“Brassica oleracea exhibits strong diurnal variation in resistance to Xanthomonas campestris pv. campestris ( Xcc ): inoculation at the end of the photoperiod (PM) consistently reduced disease severity compared with morning (AM) infections”
e4“Exogenous oleamide application partially reproduced the PM-resistant metabolic state, attenuating disease symptoms and inducing stable lipid and phenylpropanoid remodeling”
Claim · model-written summary
Oleamide treatment increased endogenous oleamide in Brassica oleracea.
- Taxon
- Brassica oleraceaBrassica oleraceae1
- Treatment
- Exogenous oleamide applicatione4
- Outcome
- endogenous oleamidee5
- Direction
- increasede5
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“Brassica oleracea exhibits strong diurnal variation in resistance to Xanthomonas campestris pv. campestris ( Xcc ): inoculation at the end of the photoperiod (PM) consistently reduced disease severity compared with morning (AM) infections”
e4“Exogenous oleamide application partially reproduced the PM-resistant metabolic state, attenuating disease symptoms and inducing stable lipid and phenylpropanoid remodeling”
e5“Metabolomics also indicated increased endogenous oleamide after treatment”
Claim · model-written summary
Oleamide directly inhibited growth of Xanthomonas campestris pv. campestris in vitro.
- Taxon
- Brassica oleraceaBrassica oleraceae1
- Interactor
- Xcce6pathogen
- Outcome
- growthe6
- Direction
- inhibitione6
- Qualifier
- in vitroe6
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“Brassica oleracea exhibits strong diurnal variation in resistance to Xanthomonas campestris pv. campestris ( Xcc ): inoculation at the end of the photoperiod (PM) consistently reduced disease severity compared with morning (AM) infections”
e6“while in vitro assays revealed direct growth inhibition of Xcc”
The same questions in other papers
inoculation · Xanthomonas campestris pv. campestris · Brassica oleracea (wild cabbage)Positive and negative results
3 papers in the same direction as this paper · 2 in the opposite direction
- negative
- negative
- positive
2 papers more in this group
See all 6 papers →Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.