Abstract
High Resolution Image Download MS PowerPoint Slide Nickel (Ni) plays a central role in plant nitrogen (N) metabolism, yet the long-term physiological impact of nanostructured Ni fertilizers on soybean ( Glycine max L.) remains insufficiently characterized. This study assessed the effects of Ni seed treatment and foliar application, using macro-, micro-, and nanosized Ni sources, on soybean cv. “IPRO Flecha” N metabolism and biological nitrogen fixation (BNF) throughout the crop life cycle. Ni was applied as seed coating (45 mg Ni kg –1 seed) and/or foliar spray (20 g Ni ha –1 at V4) using NiSO 4 ·6H 2 O (macro), micrometric Ni(OH) 2 (∼24 μm), or nanometric Ni(OH) 2 (∼5 nm). Key physiological, enzymatic, and isotopic parameters were measured at V6, R2, and R7 stages, including nitrogenase, urease, and nitrate reductase activities, BNF contribution (δ 15 N), and N metabolites (N-NH 3, N-NO 3 –, N-ureides). At R2, nano-Ni seed + foliar increased leaf dry weight by 28% compared with seed-only and 49% compared with the control, whereas at R5 the same treatment reduced leaf dry weight by 62% relative to nano-Ni seed-only, indicating a strong stage-dependent response. At maturity (R7), Ni application increased seed yield across sources, with mean yield rising from 12 g pot –1 in the control to 19–22 g pot –1, with the highest yield under nano-Ni (22 g pot –1 ). Ni supply increased urease and nitrate reductase activities relative to the control; however, nano-Ni reduced nitrate reductase at V6 (≈41–43% lower than macro- and micro-Ni), and nano-Ni seed-only reduced nitrogenase activity at R2 by ∼33% compared with the control. BNF in shoots ranged from 60.5–87.4% at R2 and was generally higher under Ni treatments at R7 (≈85–92%), except for nano-Ni seed + foliar (67.3%). Overall, Ni improved soybean N metabolism and yield, but nano-Ni effects were highly dependent on the growth stage and application method, highlighting the need for mechanistic studies on nanoparticle behavior over time to support consistent agronomic outcomes.
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Claims 12
Claim · model-written summary
Nano nickel seed and foliar treatment increased soybean leaf dry weight by 28% at R2 relative to seed only.
- Taxon
- Soybean
Glycine maxt0 - Organ / stage
- R2e0
- Treatment
- nano-Ni seed + foliare0
- Outcome
- leaf dry weighte0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 28%e0
- Comparator
- seed-onlye0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“At R2, nano-Ni seed + foliar increased leaf dry weight by 28% compared with seed-only and 49% compared with the control”
t0“Soybean”
Claim · model-written summary
Nano nickel seed and foliar treatment increased soybean leaf dry weight by 49% at R2 relative to control.
- Taxon
- SoybeanGlycine maxt0
- Organ / stage
- R2e0
- Treatment
- nano-Ni seed + foliare0
- Outcome
- leaf dry weighte0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 49%e0
- Comparator
- the controle0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“At R2, nano-Ni seed + foliar increased leaf dry weight by 28% compared with seed-only and 49% compared with the control”
t0“Soybean”
Claim · model-written summary
At R5 nano nickel seed and foliar treatment reduced soybean leaf dry weight by 62% relative to seed only.
- Taxon
- SoybeanGlycine maxt0
- Organ / stage
- R5e0
- Treatment
- nano-Ni seed + foliare0
- Outcome
- leaf dry weighte0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Value
- 62%e0
- Comparator
- nano-Ni seed-onlye0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“At R2, nano-Ni seed + foliar increased leaf dry weight by 28% compared with seed-only and 49% compared with the control, whereas at R5 the same treatment reduced leaf dry weight by 62% relative to nano-Ni seed-only”
t0“Soybean”
Claim · model-written summary
Nickel application raised soybean seed yield at R7 from 12 to 19–22 g per pot across sources.
- Taxon
- SoybeanGlycine maxt0
- Treatment
- Ni applicatione0
- Outcome
- seed yielde0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 19–22 g pot –1e0
- Qualifier
- 12 g pot –1e0
- Comparator
- the controle0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“At maturity (R7), Ni application increased seed yield across sources, with mean yield rising from 12 g pot –1 in the control to 19–22 g pot –1”
t0“Soybean”
Claim · model-written summary
Nano nickel produced the highest soybean yield at 22 g per pot.
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“with the highest yield under nano-Ni (22 g pot –1 )”
t0“Soybean”
Claim · model-written summary
Nickel supply increased soybean urease activity relative to control.
- Taxon
- SoybeanGlycine maxt0
- Treatment
- Ni supplye0
- Outcome
- ureasee0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Comparator
- the controle0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Ni supply increased urease and nitrate reductase activities relative to the control”
t0“Soybean”
Claim · model-written summary
Nickel supply increased soybean nitrate reductase activity relative to control.
- Taxon
- SoybeanGlycine maxt0
- Treatment
- Ni supplye0
- Outcome
- nitrate reductase activitiese0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Comparator
- the controle0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Ni supply increased urease and nitrate reductase activities relative to the control”
t0“Soybean”
Claim · model-written summary
Nano nickel reduced soybean nitrate reductase at V6 by about 41 to 43% relative to macro and micro nickel.
- Taxon
- SoybeanGlycine maxt0
- Organ / stage
- V6e0
- Treatment
- nano-Nie0
- Outcome
- nitrate reductasee0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Value
- ≈41–43%e0
- Comparator
- macro- and micro-Nie0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“nano-Ni reduced nitrate reductase at V6 (≈41–43% lower than macro- and micro-Ni)”
t0“Soybean”
Claim · model-written summary
Nano nickel seed only reduced soybean nitrogenase activity at R2 by about 33% relative to control.
- Taxon
- SoybeanGlycine maxt0
- Organ / stage
- R2e0
- Treatment
- nano-Ni seed-onlye0
- Outcome
- nitrogenase activitye0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Value
- ∼33%e0
- Comparator
- the controle0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“nano-Ni seed-only reduced nitrogenase activity at R2 by ∼33% compared with the control”
t0“Soybean”
Claim · model-written summary
At R2 soybean shoot biological nitrogen fixation ranged from 60.5 to 87.4%.
- Taxon
- SoybeanGlycine maxt0
- Organ / stage
- R2e0
- Outcome
- BNF in shootse0
- Value
- 60.5–87.4%e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“BNF in shoots ranged from 60.5–87.4% at R2”
t0“Soybean”
Claim · model-written summary
Soybean biological nitrogen fixation was generally higher under nickel at R7 at about 85 to 92%.
- Taxon
- SoybeanGlycine maxt0
- Organ / stage
- R7e0
- Treatment
- Ni treatmentse0
- Outcome
- BNF in shootse1
- Direction
- highere0
- Value
- ≈85–92%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“was generally higher under Ni treatments at R7 (≈85–92%)”
e1“BNF in shoots ranged from 60.5–87.4% at R2”
t0“Soybean”
Claim · model-written summary
Nano nickel seed plus foliar treatment yielded 67.3% soybean shoot biological nitrogen fixation at R7.
- Taxon
- SoybeanGlycine maxt0
- Treatment
- nano-Ni seed + foliare0
- Outcome
- BNF in shootse1
- Value
- 67.3%e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“except for nano-Ni seed + foliar (67.3%)”
e1“BNF in shoots ranged from 60.5–87.4% at R2”
t0“Soybean”
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