Abstract
Abstract The main objective of all countries, particularly those in dry regions, is to preserve water resources. This study addresses the knowledge gap regarding effective strategies to mitigate drought-induced damage and enhance productivity in peanut plant. Accordingly, during two summer seasons of 2023 and 2024, a field trial was conducted to investigate the impact of hydrogel addition to sandy soil and foliar spraying of glycinebetaine (GB) on physiological parameters, growth, yield, its components, and nutrients of peanut seeds subjected to water deficit stress. Water deficit (75% of the water irrigation quantity, WIQ) resulted in reduced levels of chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, carotenoids, indole acetic acid (IAA), growth, seed yield, oil, carbohydrates, and protein in the yielded seeds compared to normal irrigation (100% WIQ). However, hydrogel treatment or GB treatment alone or in combination showed a stimulatory effect on growth criteria and yield attributes of peanut plants under 100% WIQ and 75% WIQ via improving chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, carotenoids, IAA, total soluble sugars and phenols. Hydrogel soil addition with GB foliar treatment exhibits more increases in the above-mentioned parameters over hydrogel or GB treatment alone under 100% and 75% WIQ. Additionally, 20 mM GB with hydrogel 80 kg ha -1 worked better over other treatments, as it caused the highest values of increases in most studied parameters. It increased seed yield (ton ha -1 ) and biological yield (ton ha -1 ) under 100% WIQ by 72.45% and 78.92% and under 75% WIQ by 141.37% and 112.97% respectively. These results show that GB, when combined with hydrogel polymer, significantly improve drought tolerance in peanut, providing a viable strategy to increase crop yields in water-limited environments. In view of climate change, this study emphasizes the potential of combining hydrogel with GB for sustainable agricultural practices.
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The text the model read, with the source record’s inline markup (italics, sub- and superscripts) rendered and its character entities decoded; quote offsets refer to the raw text.
Claims 14
Claim · model-written summary
Deficit irrigation reduced chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b and carotenoids.
- Taxon
- peanut
Arachis hypogaeat0 - Treatment
- Water deficit (75% of the water irrigation quantity, WIQ)e0
- Outcome
- chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, carotenoidse0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Comparator
- normal irrigation (100% WIQ)e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Water deficit (75% of the water irrigation quantity, WIQ) resulted in reduced levels of chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, carotenoids, indole acetic acid (IAA), growth, seed yield, oil, carbohydrates, and protein in the yielded seeds compared to normal irrigation (100% WIQ)”
t0“peanut”
Claim · model-written summary
Deficit irrigation reduced IAA and growth.
- Taxon
- peanutArachis hypogaeat0
- Treatment
- Water deficit (75% of the water irrigation quantity, WIQ)e0
- Outcome
- indole acetic acid (IAA), growthe0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Comparator
- normal irrigation (100% WIQ)e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Water deficit (75% of the water irrigation quantity, WIQ) resulted in reduced levels of chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, carotenoids, indole acetic acid (IAA), growth, seed yield, oil, carbohydrates, and protein in the yielded seeds compared to normal irrigation (100% WIQ)”
t0“peanut”
Claim · model-written summary
Deficit irrigation reduced seed yield.
- Taxon
- peanutArachis hypogaeat0
- Treatment
- Water deficit (75% of the water irrigation quantity, WIQ)e0
- Outcome
- seed yielde0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Comparator
- normal irrigation (100% WIQ)e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Water deficit (75% of the water irrigation quantity, WIQ) resulted in reduced levels of chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, carotenoids, indole acetic acid (IAA), growth, seed yield, oil, carbohydrates, and protein in the yielded seeds compared to normal irrigation (100% WIQ)”
t0“peanut”
Claim · model-written summary
Deficit irrigation reduced seed oil, carbohydrates and protein.
- Taxon
- peanutArachis hypogaeat0
- Treatment
- Water deficit (75% of the water irrigation quantity, WIQ)e0
- Outcome
- oil, carbohydrates, and protein in the yielded seedse0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Comparator
- normal irrigation (100% WIQ)e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Water deficit (75% of the water irrigation quantity, WIQ) resulted in reduced levels of chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, carotenoids, indole acetic acid (IAA), growth, seed yield, oil, carbohydrates, and protein in the yielded seeds compared to normal irrigation (100% WIQ)”
t0“peanut”
Claim · model-written summary
Hydrogel stimulated peanut growth and yield under both irrigation regimes.
- Taxon
- peanutArachis hypogaeae0
- Treatment
- hydrogel treatmente0
- Outcome
- growth criteria and yield attributese0
- Direction
- stimulatorye0
- Qualifier
- under 100% WIQ and 75% WIQe0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“hydrogel treatment or GB treatment alone or in combination showed a stimulatory effect on growth criteria and yield attributes of peanut plants under 100% WIQ and 75% WIQ”
Claim · model-written summary
GB stimulated peanut growth and yield under both irrigation regimes.
- Taxon
- peanutArachis hypogaeae0
- Treatment
- GB treatmente0
- Outcome
- growth criteria and yield attributese0
- Direction
- stimulatorye0
- Qualifier
- under 100% WIQ and 75% WIQe0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“hydrogel treatment or GB treatment alone or in combination showed a stimulatory effect on growth criteria and yield attributes of peanut plants under 100% WIQ and 75% WIQ”
Claim · model-written summary
Hydrogel plus GB stimulated peanut growth and yield under both irrigation regimes.
- Taxon
- peanutArachis hypogaeae0
- Treatment
- in combinatione0
- Outcome
- growth criteria and yield attributese0
- Direction
- stimulatorye0
- Qualifier
- under 100% WIQ and 75% WIQe0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“hydrogel treatment or GB treatment alone or in combination showed a stimulatory effect on growth criteria and yield attributes of peanut plants under 100% WIQ and 75% WIQ”
Claim · model-written summary
Combined hydrogel and GB improved pigments, IAA, sugars and phenols more than either alone.
- Taxon
- peanutArachis hypogaeat0
- Treatment
- Hydrogel soil addition with GB foliar treatmente0
- Outcome
- above-mentioned parameterse0
- Direction
- more increasese0
- Qualifier
- under 100% and 75% WIQe0
- Comparator
- hydrogel or GB treatment alonee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Hydrogel soil addition with GB foliar treatment exhibits more increases in the above-mentioned parameters over hydrogel or GB treatment alone under 100% and 75% WIQ”
t0“peanut”
Claim · model-written summary
20 mM GB with 80 kg ha-1 hydrogel gave the highest increase in most studied parameters.
- Taxon
- peanutArachis hypogaeat0
- Treatment
- 20 mM GB with hydrogel 80 kg ha -1e0
- Outcome
- most studied parameterse0
- Direction
- higheste0
- Comparator
- other treatmentse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“20 mM GB with hydrogel 80 kg ha -1 worked better over other treatments, as it caused the highest values of increases in most studied parameters”
t0“peanut”
Claim · model-written summary
The combined treatment increased seed yield by 72.45% under full irrigation.
- Taxon
- peanutArachis hypogaeat0
- Treatment
- 20 mM GB with hydrogel 80 kg ha -1e1
- Outcome
- seed yielde0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 72.45%e0
- Qualifier
- under 100% WIQe0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“It increased seed yield (ton ha -1 ) and biological yield (ton ha -1 ) under 100% WIQ by 72.45% and 78.92% and under 75% WIQ by 141.37% and 112.97% respectively”
t0“peanut”
e1“20 mM GB with hydrogel 80 kg ha -1 worked better over other treatments, as it caused the highest values of increases in most studied parameters”
Claim · model-written summary
The combined treatment increased biological yield by 78.92% under full irrigation.
- Taxon
- peanutArachis hypogaeat0
- Treatment
- 20 mM GB with hydrogel 80 kg ha -1e1
- Outcome
- biological yielde0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 78.92%e0
- Qualifier
- under 100% WIQe0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“It increased seed yield (ton ha -1 ) and biological yield (ton ha -1 ) under 100% WIQ by 72.45% and 78.92% and under 75% WIQ by 141.37% and 112.97% respectively”
t0“peanut”
e1“20 mM GB with hydrogel 80 kg ha -1 worked better over other treatments, as it caused the highest values of increases in most studied parameters”
Claim · model-written summary
The combined treatment increased seed yield by 141.37% under deficit irrigation.
- Taxon
- peanutArachis hypogaeat0
- Treatment
- 20 mM GB with hydrogel 80 kg ha -1e1
- Outcome
- seed yielde0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 141.37%e0
- Qualifier
- under 75% WIQe0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“It increased seed yield (ton ha -1 ) and biological yield (ton ha -1 ) under 100% WIQ by 72.45% and 78.92% and under 75% WIQ by 141.37% and 112.97% respectively”
t0“peanut”
e1“20 mM GB with hydrogel 80 kg ha -1 worked better over other treatments, as it caused the highest values of increases in most studied parameters”
Claim · model-written summary
The combined treatment increased biological yield by 112.97% under deficit irrigation.
- Taxon
- peanutArachis hypogaeat0
- Treatment
- 20 mM GB with hydrogel 80 kg ha -1e1
- Outcome
- biological yielde0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 112.97%e0
- Qualifier
- under 75% WIQe0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“It increased seed yield (ton ha -1 ) and biological yield (ton ha -1 ) under 100% WIQ by 72.45% and 78.92% and under 75% WIQ by 141.37% and 112.97% respectively”
t0“peanut”
e1“20 mM GB with hydrogel 80 kg ha -1 worked better over other treatments, as it caused the highest values of increases in most studied parameters”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors propose combined hydrogel and GB as a strategy for yields in water-limited environments.
- Taxon
- peanutArachis hypogaeat0
- Outcome
- increase crop yields in water-limited environmentse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“providing a viable strategy to increase crop yields in water-limited environments”
t0“peanut”
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