Abstract
Muskmelon (Cucumis melo) is a widely cultivated and economically important fruit crop that is severely affected by Fusarium wilt caused by Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. melonis (race 1.2) (Fom). Conventional management practices have shown limited effectiveness and pose environmental and health risks; therefore, sustainable and eco-friendly alternatives are required to manage this disease. In the present study, 23 endophytic fungal isolates belonging to eight genera were isolated from Ecballium elaterium and screened to determine antifungal potential against Fom using an in vitro antagonistic assay. Two endophytic isolates (Fusarium sp. EeR4 and Fusarium clavum EeR24) exhibited an inhibitory effect against Fom on quarter-strength PDA plates. In growth chamber experiments, F. clavum EeR24-colonized melon seedlings and significantly protected plants from wilting compared to non-colonized pathogen-challenged seedlings. Under greenhouse conditions, F. clavum EeR24 significantly improved morphological and physiological traits, including plant height, weight, number of leaves, membrane stability, photosynthesis, stomatal conductance, and transpiration, in Cucumis melo. Endophytic colonization improved catalase (56%), guaiacol peroxide (47%), and superoxide dismutase activity (25%), and increased flavonoid and phenolic content by 11–59% compared to non-colonized Fom-challenged plants. Lipid peroxidation significantly decreased by 37% and proline accumulation increased by 70% in colonized plants compared to non-colonized plants. Histochemical analysis also indicated that endophytic colonization considerably reduced the levels of H2O2, O2−, malondialdehyde, and cell mortality in Fom-challenged plants. In addition, the culture filtrate and organic residues of F. clavum EeR24 inhibited the mycelial growth of Fom by 52–58%, respectively. Furthermore, a study on spatial colonization of the endophyte and the pathogen using GFP and RFP tagging indicated that both the endophyte and the pathogen simultaneously colonized the root tissues of C. melo; however, the endophyte significantly reduced the pathogenicity of Fom. These results suggest that endophytic F. clavum EeR24 may be developed as an effective biocontrol agent for the management of Fusarium wilt in melon plants under field conditions.
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Claims 16
Claim · model-written summary
Two endophytic isolates inhibited Fom in vitro.
- Taxon
- Ecballium elaterium
Ecballium elateriume1 - Interactor
- Fome0pathogen
- Second interactor
- Fusarium sp. EeR4 and Fusarium clavum EeR24e0biocontrol_agent
- Outcome
- inhibitory effect against Fome0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Two endophytic isolates (Fusarium sp. EeR4 and Fusarium clavum EeR24) exhibited an inhibitory effect against Fom on quarter-strength PDA plates”
e1“23 endophytic fungal isolates belonging to eight genera were isolated from Ecballium elaterium”
Claim · model-written summary
EeR24 colonized melon seedlings and significantly protected them from wilting.
- Taxon
- melon
.jpg?width=60)
Cucumis meloe0 - Treatment
- F. clavum EeR24-colonizede0
- Interactor
- F. clavum EeR24Fusarium clavume0biocontrol_agent
- Outcome
- wiltinge0
- Direction
- protectede0
- Comparator
- non-colonized pathogen-challenged seedlingse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
.jpg?width=500)
Verbatim
e0“F. clavum EeR24-colonized melon seedlings and significantly protected plants from wilting compared to non-colonized pathogen-challenged seedlings”
Claim · model-written summary
EeR24 significantly improved plant height, weight and leaf number under greenhouse conditions.
- Taxon
- Cucumis meloCucumis meloe0
- Treatment
- F. clavum EeR24e0
- Interactor
- F. clavum EeR24Fusarium clavume0biocontrol_agent
- Outcome
- plant height, weight, number of leavese0
- Direction
- improvede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“F. clavum EeR24 significantly improved morphological and physiological traits, including plant height, weight, number of leaves, membrane stability, photosynthesis, stomatal conductance, and transpiration, in Cucumis melo”
Claim · model-written summary
EeR24 significantly improved membrane stability and photosynthesis.
- Taxon
- Cucumis meloCucumis meloe0
- Treatment
- F. clavum EeR24e0
- Interactor
- F. clavum EeR24Fusarium clavume0biocontrol_agent
- Outcome
- membrane stability, photosynthesise0
- Direction
- improvede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“F. clavum EeR24 significantly improved morphological and physiological traits, including plant height, weight, number of leaves, membrane stability, photosynthesis, stomatal conductance, and transpiration, in Cucumis melo”
Claim · model-written summary
EeR24 significantly improved stomatal conductance and transpiration.
- Taxon
- Cucumis meloCucumis meloe0
- Treatment
- F. clavum EeR24e0
- Interactor
- F. clavum EeR24Fusarium clavume0biocontrol_agent
- Outcome
- stomatal conductance, and transpiratione0
- Direction
- improvede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“F. clavum EeR24 significantly improved morphological and physiological traits, including plant height, weight, number of leaves, membrane stability, photosynthesis, stomatal conductance, and transpiration, in Cucumis melo”
Claim · model-written summary
Endophytic colonization improved catalase activity by 56%.
- Taxon
- Cucumis meloCucumis meloe1
- Treatment
- Endophytic colonizatione0
- Outcome
- catalasee0
- Direction
- improvede0
- Value
- 56%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Endophytic colonization improved catalase (56%), guaiacol peroxide (47%), and superoxide dismutase activity (25%)”
e1“in Cucumis melo”
Claim · model-written summary
Endophytic colonization improved guaiacol peroxide activity by 47%.
- Taxon
- Cucumis meloCucumis meloe1
- Treatment
- Endophytic colonizatione0
- Outcome
- guaiacol peroxidee0
- Direction
- improvede0
- Value
- 47%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Endophytic colonization improved catalase (56%), guaiacol peroxide (47%), and superoxide dismutase activity (25%)”
e1“in Cucumis melo”
Claim · model-written summary
Endophytic colonization improved superoxide dismutase activity by 25%.
- Taxon
- Cucumis meloCucumis meloe1
- Treatment
- Endophytic colonizatione0
- Outcome
- superoxide dismutase activitye0
- Direction
- improvede0
- Value
- 25%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Endophytic colonization improved catalase (56%), guaiacol peroxide (47%), and superoxide dismutase activity (25%)”
e1“in Cucumis melo”
Claim · model-written summary
Colonization increased flavonoid and phenolic content by 11–59%.
- Taxon
- Cucumis meloCucumis meloe1
- Outcome
- flavonoid and phenolic contente0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 11–59%e0
- Comparator
- non-colonized Fom-challenged plantse0
Not reportedTreatment
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“increased flavonoid and phenolic content by 11–59% compared to non-colonized Fom-challenged plants”
e1“in Cucumis melo”
Claim · model-written summary
Colonization decreased lipid peroxidation by 37%.
- Taxon
- Cucumis meloCucumis meloe1
- Treatment
- colonized plantse0
- Outcome
- Lipid peroxidatione0
- Direction
- decreasede0
- Value
- 37%e0
- Comparator
- non-colonized plantse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Lipid peroxidation significantly decreased by 37% and proline accumulation increased by 70% in colonized plants compared to non-colonized plants”
e1“in Cucumis melo”
Claim · model-written summary
Colonization increased proline accumulation by 70%.
- Taxon
- Cucumis meloCucumis meloe1
- Treatment
- colonized plantse0
- Outcome
- proline accumulatione0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 70%e0
- Comparator
- non-colonized plantse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Lipid peroxidation significantly decreased by 37% and proline accumulation increased by 70% in colonized plants compared to non-colonized plants”
e1“in Cucumis melo”
Claim · model-written summary
Colonization reduced H2O2, O2− and malondialdehyde levels in challenged plants.
- Taxon
- Cucumis meloCucumis meloe1
- Treatment
- endophytic colonizatione0
- Outcome
- levels of H2O2, O2−, malondialdehydee0
- Direction
- reducede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“endophytic colonization considerably reduced the levels of H2O2, O2−, malondialdehyde, and cell mortality in Fom-challenged plants”
e1“in Cucumis melo”
Claim · model-written summary
Colonization reduced cell mortality in challenged plants.
- Taxon
- Cucumis meloCucumis meloe1
- Treatment
- endophytic colonizatione0
- Outcome
- cell mortalitye0
- Direction
- reducede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“endophytic colonization considerably reduced the levels of H2O2, O2−, malondialdehyde, and cell mortality in Fom-challenged plants”
e1“in Cucumis melo”
Claim · model-written summary
EeR24 culture filtrate inhibited Fom mycelial growth by 52%.
- Taxon
- Cucumis meloCucumis meloe1
- Treatment
- culture filtratee0
- Interactor
- Fome0pathogen
- Second interactor
- F. clavum EeR24Fusarium clavume0biocontrol_agent
- Outcome
- mycelial growth of Fome0
- Direction
- inhibitede0
- Value
- 52–58%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the culture filtrate and organic residues of F. clavum EeR24 inhibited the mycelial growth of Fom by 52–58%, respectively”
e1“in Cucumis melo”
Claim · model-written summary
The endophyte and pathogen colonized melon root tissues simultaneously.
- Taxon
- C. meloCucumis meloe0
- Outcome
- simultaneously colonized the root tissuese0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“both the endophyte and the pathogen simultaneously colonized the root tissues of C. melo”
Claim · model-written summary
The endophyte significantly reduced Fom pathogenicity.
- Taxon
- C. meloCucumis meloe1
- Treatment
- the endophytee0
- Interactor
- Fome0pathogen
- Outcome
- pathogenicity of Fome0
- Direction
- reducede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the endophyte significantly reduced the pathogenicity of Fom”
e1“root tissues of C. melo”
The same questions in other papers
inoculation · disease · Cucumis melo (muskmelon)Positive and negative results
12 papers in the same direction as this paper · 26 in the opposite direction · 1 reporting no difference from an alternative
- positive
- negative
- negative
36 papers more in this group
See all 40 papers →pathogen product · disease · Cucumis melo (muskmelon)Results agree
1 paper in the same direction as this paper
- positive
Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.