Abstract
Context Continuous cropping restricts the quality and yield of tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum), yet interactions between microorganisms and metabolites in rhizosphere soil remain poorly understood. Aims To show how continuous cropping duration influences the accumulation of allelopathic substances and shapes rhizosphere microbial communities in tobacco. Methods Rhizosphere soil samples were collected from two tobacco cultivars, Chuxue 80 (CX80) and Chuxue 81 (CX81), under continuous cropping. Metagenomic and metabolomic analyses were used to profile microbial communities and accumulated metabolites. Key results After 4 years of continuous cropping, mycophenolic acid (MPA) in the rhizosphere soil of CX80-4 and CX81-4 increased by 97.1 and 143.1 times, respectively, and 1-(4-nitrophenyl) piperidine increased by 224.8 and 497.4 times, respectively. At the phylum level, Acidobacteriota bacteria showed a marked reduction, declining to 7.6% in CX80-5, whereas that of Pseudomonadota reached a relative abundance of 15.1% in CX81-4. At the genus level, the relative abundances of the functional genera Sphingomonas and Lysobacter increased by 65.9% and 190.8% compared with the control, while the relative abundance of the potential pathogen Escherichia increased by 370.9 times and 135.4 times, respectively. Correlation analysis indicated a significant positive relationship between MPA and the viral pathogen Kochitakasuvirus (r = 0.99, P < 0.01), and a positive correlation between 1-(4-nitrophenyl) piperidine and Leptolyngbya. Conclusions Continuous cropping of tobacco resulted in a substantial accumulation of allelopathic compounds and structural and functional reorganisation of the rhizosphere microbial community. Implications These results suggest that toxic metabolites may promote the proliferation of pathogens by reshaping microbial community structure.
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Claims 12
Claim · model-written summary
After four years, mycophenolic acid increased 97.1 times in CX80-4.
- Taxon
- tobacco
Nicotiana tabacumt0 - Material
- CX80-4e0
- Outcome
- mycophenolic acid (MPA) in the rhizosphere soile0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 97.1e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“After 4 years of continuous cropping, mycophenolic acid (MPA) in the rhizosphere soil of CX80-4 and CX81-4 increased by 97.1 and 143.1 times, respectively”
t0“tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum)”
Claim · model-written summary
After four years, mycophenolic acid increased 143.1 times in CX81-4.
- Taxon
- tobaccoNicotiana tabacumt0
- Material
- CX81-4e0
- Outcome
- mycophenolic acid (MPA) in the rhizosphere soile0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 143.1 timese0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“After 4 years of continuous cropping, mycophenolic acid (MPA) in the rhizosphere soil of CX80-4 and CX81-4 increased by 97.1 and 143.1 times, respectively”
t0“tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum)”
Claim · model-written summary
1-(4-nitrophenyl) piperidine increased 224.8 times in CX80-4.
- Taxon
- tobaccoNicotiana tabacumt0
- Outcome
- 1-(4-nitrophenyl) piperidinee0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 224.8e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“1-(4-nitrophenyl) piperidine increased by 224.8 and 497.4 times, respectively”
t0“tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum)”
Claim · model-written summary
1-(4-nitrophenyl) piperidine increased 497.4 times in CX81-4.
- Taxon
- tobaccoNicotiana tabacumt0
- Outcome
- 1-(4-nitrophenyl) piperidinee0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 497.4 timese0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“1-(4-nitrophenyl) piperidine increased by 224.8 and 497.4 times, respectively”
t0“tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum)”
Claim · model-written summary
Acidobacteriota declined to 7.6% in CX80-5.
- Taxon
- tobaccoNicotiana tabacumt0
- Interactor
- Acidobacteriota bacteriae0other
- Outcome
- Acidobacteriota bacteriae0
- Direction
- declininge0
- Value
- 7.6%e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Acidobacteriota bacteria showed a marked reduction, declining to 7.6% in CX80-5”
t0“tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum)”
Claim · model-written summary
Pseudomonadota reached 15.1% relative abundance in CX81-4.
- Taxon
- tobaccoNicotiana tabacumt0
- Interactor
- PseudomonadotaPseudomonadotae0other
- Outcome
- Pseudomonadota reached a relative abundancee0
- Value
- 15.1%e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Pseudomonadota reached a relative abundance of 15.1% in CX81-4”
t0“tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum)”
Claim · model-written summary
Sphingomonas relative abundance increased 65.9% versus control.
- Taxon
- tobaccoNicotiana tabacumt0
- Interactor
- Sphingomonas
Sphingomonase0other - Outcome
- relative abundances of the functional genera Sphingomonase0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 65.9%e0
- Comparator
- controle0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the relative abundances of the functional genera Sphingomonas and Lysobacter increased by 65.9% and 190.8% compared with the control”
t0“tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum)”
Claim · model-written summary
Lysobacter relative abundance increased 190.8% versus control.
- Taxon
- tobaccoNicotiana tabacumt0
- Interactor
- Lysobacter
Lysobactere0other - Outcome
- Lysobactere0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 190.8%e0
- Comparator
- controle0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the relative abundances of the functional genera Sphingomonas and Lysobacter increased by 65.9% and 190.8% compared with the control”
t0“tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum)”
Claim · model-written summary
Potential pathogen Escherichia increased 370.9 times in one cultivar condition.
- Taxon
- tobaccoNicotiana tabacumt0
- Interactor
- Escherichia
Escherichiae0pathogen - Outcome
- relative abundance of the potential pathogen Escherichiae0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 370.9 timese0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the relative abundance of the potential pathogen Escherichia increased by 370.9 times and 135.4 times, respectively”
t0“tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum)”
Claim · model-written summary
Potential pathogen Escherichia increased 135.4 times in another cultivar condition.
- Taxon
- tobaccoNicotiana tabacumt0
- Interactor
- EscherichiaEscherichiae0pathogen
- Outcome
- relative abundance of the potential pathogen Escherichiae0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 135.4 timese0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the relative abundance of the potential pathogen Escherichia increased by 370.9 times and 135.4 times, respectively”
t0“tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum)”
Claim · model-written summary
MPA and Kochitakasuvirus were positively correlated, r=0.99.
- Taxon
- tobaccoNicotiana tabacumt0
- Interactor
- KochitakasuvirusKochitakasuviruse0pathogen
- Compound
- MPAe0
- Outcome
- viral pathogen Kochitakasuviruse0
- Direction
- positivee0
- Value
- r = 0.99e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“a significant positive relationship between MPA and the viral pathogen Kochitakasuvirus (r = 0.99, P < 0.01)”
t0“tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum)”
Claim · model-written summary
1-(4-nitrophenyl) piperidine and Leptolyngbya were positively correlated.
- Taxon
- tobaccoNicotiana tabacumt0
- Interactor
- Leptolyngbya
Leptolyngbyae0other - Compound
- 1-(4-nitrophenyl) piperidinee0
- Outcome
- Leptolyngbyae0
- Direction
- positivee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“a positive correlation between 1-(4-nitrophenyl) piperidine and Leptolyngbya”
t0“tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum)”