Abstract
ABSTRACT Rice sustains nearly half of the global population, yet its nitrogen (N) use efficiency remains low, undermining both food security and environmental integrity. Rice predominantly absorbs ammonium (NH 4 + ), which is readily nitrified and lost through irrigation and drainage, posing a persistent management challenge. Integrating 1756 paired field observations and global modelling, we show that using enhanced‐efficiency fertilizers to maintain soil NH 4 + relative to conventional practices increases rice yield by 6%–10% and N use efficiency by 18%–33%, while reducing ammonia (NH 3 ) volatilization by 16%–50%, nitrous oxide (N 2 O) emissions by 25%–49%, and methane (CH 4 ) emissions by 9%–30%. This N transformation‐based management could reduce global N fertilizer inputs by 1.4 ± 0.06 million tonnes (Tg), generate an additional 72 ± 13 Tg of rice, and lower N 2 O, CH 4 , and NH 3 emissions by 0.07 ± 0.02, 6.8 ± 2.0, and 0.6 ± 0.2 Tg, respectively, equivalent to an annual reduction of about 202 Tg CO 2 ‐eq. The total social benefit is valued at US$51 ± 5 billion, including US$29 ± 2 billion in added food value, achieved with only US$1.6 ± 0.6 billion in fertilizer investment and US$0.9 ± 0.1 billion in transaction costs. Aligning N transformation processes with crop N preference thus represents a pivotal strategy for sustaining rice productivity while minimizing environmental impacts.
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Claims 15
Claim · model-written summary
Enhanced‐efficiency fertilizers increased rice yield by 6%–10%.
- Taxon
- rice
Oryza sativae0 - Treatment
- using enhanced‐efficiency fertilizers to maintain soil NH 4 +e0
- Outcome
- rice yielde0
- Direction
- increasese0
- Value
- 6%–10%e0
- Comparator
- conventional practicese0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“using enhanced‐efficiency fertilizers to maintain soil NH 4 + relative to conventional practices increases rice yield by 6%–10% and N use efficiency by 18%–33%, while reducing ammonia (NH 3 ) volatilization by 16%–50%, nitrous oxide (N 2 O) emissions by 25%–49%, and methane (CH 4 ) emissions by 9%–30%”
Claim · model-written summary
Enhanced‐efficiency fertilizers increased rice N use efficiency by 18%–33%.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae0
- Treatment
- using enhanced‐efficiency fertilizers to maintain soil NH 4 +e0
- Outcome
- N use efficiencye0
- Direction
- increasese0
- Value
- 18%–33%e0
- Comparator
- conventional practicese0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“using enhanced‐efficiency fertilizers to maintain soil NH 4 + relative to conventional practices increases rice yield by 6%–10% and N use efficiency by 18%–33%, while reducing ammonia (NH 3 ) volatilization by 16%–50%, nitrous oxide (N 2 O) emissions by 25%–49%, and methane (CH 4 ) emissions by 9%–30%”
Claim · model-written summary
Enhanced‐efficiency fertilizers reduced ammonia volatilization by 16%–50%.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae0
- Treatment
- using enhanced‐efficiency fertilizers to maintain soil NH 4 +e0
- Outcome
- ammonia (NH 3 ) volatilizatione0
- Direction
- reducinge0
- Value
- 16%–50%e0
- Comparator
- conventional practicese0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“using enhanced‐efficiency fertilizers to maintain soil NH 4 + relative to conventional practices increases rice yield by 6%–10% and N use efficiency by 18%–33%, while reducing ammonia (NH 3 ) volatilization by 16%–50%, nitrous oxide (N 2 O) emissions by 25%–49%, and methane (CH 4 ) emissions by 9%–30%”
Claim · model-written summary
Enhanced‐efficiency fertilizers reduced nitrous oxide emissions by 25%–49%.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae0
- Treatment
- using enhanced‐efficiency fertilizers to maintain soil NH 4 +e0
- Outcome
- nitrous oxide (N 2 O) emissionse0
- Direction
- reducinge0
- Value
- 25%–49%e0
- Comparator
- conventional practicese0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“using enhanced‐efficiency fertilizers to maintain soil NH 4 + relative to conventional practices increases rice yield by 6%–10% and N use efficiency by 18%–33%, while reducing ammonia (NH 3 ) volatilization by 16%–50%, nitrous oxide (N 2 O) emissions by 25%–49%, and methane (CH 4 ) emissions by 9%–30%”
Claim · model-written summary
Enhanced‐efficiency fertilizers reduced methane emissions by 9%–30%.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae0
- Treatment
- using enhanced‐efficiency fertilizers to maintain soil NH 4 +e0
- Outcome
- methane (CH 4 ) emissionse0
- Direction
- reducinge0
- Value
- 9%–30%e0
- Comparator
- conventional practicese0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“using enhanced‐efficiency fertilizers to maintain soil NH 4 + relative to conventional practices increases rice yield by 6%–10% and N use efficiency by 18%–33%, while reducing ammonia (NH 3 ) volatilization by 16%–50%, nitrous oxide (N 2 O) emissions by 25%–49%, and methane (CH 4 ) emissions by 9%–30%”
Claim · model-written summary
Global nitrogen fertilizer inputs could fall by 1.4 ± 0.06 million tonnes.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Outcome
- global N fertilizer inputse0
- Direction
- reducee0
- Value
- 1.4 ± 0.06 million tonnes (Tg)e0
- Qualifier
- This N transformation‐based managemente1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“could reduce global N fertilizer inputs by 1.4 ± 0.06 million tonnes (Tg)”
t0“Rice”
e1“This N transformation‐based management”
Claim · model-written summary
Global rice production could rise by 72 ± 13 Tg.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Outcome
- ricee0
- Direction
- additionale0
- Value
- 72 ± 13 Tge0
- Qualifier
- This N transformation‐based managemente1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“generate an additional 72 ± 13 Tg of rice”
t0“Rice”
e1“This N transformation‐based management”
Claim · model-written summary
Global nitrous oxide emissions could fall by 0.07 ± 0.02 Tg.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Outcome
- N 2 O, CH 4 , and NH 3 emissionse0
- Direction
- lowere0
- Value
- 0.07 ± 0.02e0
- Qualifier
- This N transformation‐based managemente1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“lower N 2 O, CH 4 , and NH 3 emissions by 0.07 ± 0.02, 6.8 ± 2.0, and 0.6 ± 0.2 Tg, respectively”
t0“Rice”
e1“This N transformation‐based management”
Claim · model-written summary
Global methane emissions could fall by 6.8 ± 2.0 Tg.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Outcome
- N 2 O, CH 4 , and NH 3 emissionse0
- Direction
- lowere0
- Value
- 6.8 ± 2.0e0
- Qualifier
- This N transformation‐based managemente1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“lower N 2 O, CH 4 , and NH 3 emissions by 0.07 ± 0.02, 6.8 ± 2.0, and 0.6 ± 0.2 Tg, respectively”
t0“Rice”
e1“This N transformation‐based management”
Claim · model-written summary
Global ammonia emissions could fall by 0.6 ± 0.2 Tg.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Outcome
- N 2 O, CH 4 , and NH 3 emissionse0
- Direction
- lowere0
- Value
- 0.6 ± 0.2 Tge0
- Qualifier
- This N transformation‐based managemente1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“lower N 2 O, CH 4 , and NH 3 emissions by 0.07 ± 0.02, 6.8 ± 2.0, and 0.6 ± 0.2 Tg, respectively”
t0“Rice”
e1“This N transformation‐based management”
Claim · model-written summary
The projected emissions reduction is about 202 Tg CO 2 ‐eq annually.
- Taxon
- RiceOryza sativat0
- Outcome
- annual reductione0
- Value
- about 202 Tg CO 2 ‐eqe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“equivalent to an annual reduction of about 202 Tg CO 2 ‐eq”
t0“Rice”
Claim · model-written summary
The management has projected total social benefit of US$51 ± 5 billion.
- Taxon
- RiceOryza sativat0
- Outcome
- total social benefite0
- Value
- US$51 ± 5 billione0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The total social benefit is valued at US$51 ± 5 billion”
t0“Rice”
Claim · model-written summary
Added food value is projected at US$29 ± 2 billion.
- Taxon
- RiceOryza sativat0
- Outcome
- added food valuee0
- Value
- US$29 ± 2 billione0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“including US$29 ± 2 billion in added food value”
t0“Rice”
Claim · model-written summary
Fertilizer investment is projected at US$1.6 ± 0.6 billion.
- Taxon
- RiceOryza sativat0
- Outcome
- fertilizer investmente0
- Value
- US$1.6 ± 0.6 billione0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“US$1.6 ± 0.6 billion in fertilizer investment”
t0“Rice”
Claim · model-written summary
Transaction costs are projected at US$0.9 ± 0.1 billion.
- Taxon
- RiceOryza sativat0
- Outcome
- transaction costse0
- Value
- US$0.9 ± 0.1 billione0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“US$0.9 ± 0.1 billion in transaction costs”
t0“Rice”
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