Abstract
Introduction: Soil cadmium (Cd) contamination is considered to be one of the adverse stresses to which plants are subject. Research has demonstrated that exogenous calcium plays a crucial role in plant stress resistance. Methods: L.) exposed to Cd stress and supplied with either inorganic calcium or sorbitol-chelated calcium (SCC) at an equivalent calcium (Ca) concentration. This investigation was undertaken through integrated physiological, biochemical and transcriptomic analyses. Results: In the context of Cd stress, a marked inhibition in the growth parameters, photosynthetic activity, and root architecture of peanut seedlings was observed. This inhibition resulted in a significant accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) within the plants. The application of exogenous calcium has been demonstrated to effectively alleviate Cd toxicity, with SCC exhibiting particularly notable efficacy in this regard. In comparison with Cd treatment, SCC significantly improved plant growth parameters and photosynthetic efficiency. Furthermore, SCC significantly enhanced superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity in tissues while concomitantly reducing malondialdehyde (MDA) and ROS levels, thereby mitigating membrane lipid oxidation. Concurrently, the analysis revealed that the SCC samples exhibited an upregulation of key genes, including AUX/IAA, GH3, SAUR, and JAZ. These genes have been implicated in promoting root growth and activating defence-related hormone pathways. Structural equation modelling further indicated that chlorophyll fluorescence exerted a significant positive influence on biomass accumulation, while excessive reactive oxygen species and osmotic regulators served as major inhibitory factors. Discussion: Consequently, SCC effectively mitigates Cd toxicity by stabilising photosynthetic systems, enhancing antioxidant defences, and regulating hormonal signalling, thereby promoting recovery of peanut seedling growth. The present study offers novel insights and a scientific basis for the efficient utilisation of Ca-containing fertilisers and the mitigation of heavy metal pollution in agricultural fields.
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Claims 17
Claim · model-written summary
Cd stress inhibited growth parameters of peanut seedlings.
- Taxon
- peanut seedlings
Arachis hypogaeae0 - Treatment
- Cd stresse0
- Outcome
- growth parameterse0
- Direction
- inhibitione0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“In the context of Cd stress, a marked inhibition in the growth parameters, photosynthetic activity, and root architecture of peanut seedlings was observed.”
Claim · model-written summary
Cd stress inhibited photosynthetic activity of peanut seedlings.
- Taxon
- peanut seedlingsArachis hypogaeae0
- Treatment
- Cd stresse0
- Outcome
- photosynthetic activitye0
- Direction
- inhibitione0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“In the context of Cd stress, a marked inhibition in the growth parameters, photosynthetic activity, and root architecture of peanut seedlings was observed.”
Claim · model-written summary
Cd stress inhibited root architecture of peanut seedlings.
- Taxon
- peanut seedlingsArachis hypogaeae0
- Treatment
- Cd stresse0
- Outcome
- root architecturee0
- Direction
- inhibitione0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“In the context of Cd stress, a marked inhibition in the growth parameters, photosynthetic activity, and root architecture of peanut seedlings was observed.”
Claim · model-written summary
Cd stress caused significant ROS accumulation in peanut seedlings.
- Taxon
- peanut seedlingsArachis hypogaeat0
- Treatment
- Cd stresse1
- Outcome
- reactive oxygen species (ROS)e0
- Direction
- accumulatione0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“This inhibition resulted in a significant accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) within the plants.”
t0“peanut seedlings”
e1“In the context of Cd stress, a marked inhibition in the growth parameters, photosynthetic activity, and root architecture of peanut seedlings was observed.”
Claim · model-written summary
SCC improved plant growth parameters compared with Cd treatment.
- Taxon
- peanut seedlingsArachis hypogaeat0
- Treatment
- SCCe0
- Outcome
- plant growth parameterse0
- Direction
- improvede0
- Comparator
- Cd treatmente0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“In comparison with Cd treatment, SCC significantly improved plant growth parameters and photosynthetic efficiency.”
t0“peanut seedlings”
Claim · model-written summary
SCC improved photosynthetic efficiency compared with Cd treatment.
- Taxon
- peanut seedlingsArachis hypogaeat0
- Treatment
- SCCe0
- Outcome
- photosynthetic efficiencye0
- Direction
- improvede0
- Comparator
- Cd treatmente0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“In comparison with Cd treatment, SCC significantly improved plant growth parameters and photosynthetic efficiency.”
t0“peanut seedlings”
Claim · model-written summary
SCC enhanced superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity under Cd stress.
- Taxon
- peanut seedlingsArachis hypogaeat0
- Treatment
- SCCe0
- Outcome
- superoxide dismutase (SOD) activitye0
- Direction
- enhancede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Furthermore, SCC significantly enhanced superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity in tissues while concomitantly reducing malondialdehyde (MDA) and ROS levels, thereby mitigating membrane lipid oxidation.”
t0“peanut seedlings”
Claim · model-written summary
SCC reducing malondialdehyde (MDA) under Cd stress.
- Taxon
- peanut seedlingsArachis hypogaeat0
- Treatment
- SCCe0
- Outcome
- malondialdehyde (MDA)e0
- Direction
- reducinge0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Furthermore, SCC significantly enhanced superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity in tissues while concomitantly reducing malondialdehyde (MDA) and ROS levels, thereby mitigating membrane lipid oxidation.”
t0“peanut seedlings”
Claim · model-written summary
SCC reducing ROS levels under Cd stress.
- Taxon
- peanut seedlingsArachis hypogaeat0
- Treatment
- SCCe0
- Outcome
- ROS levelse0
- Direction
- reducinge0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Furthermore, SCC significantly enhanced superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity in tissues while concomitantly reducing malondialdehyde (MDA) and ROS levels, thereby mitigating membrane lipid oxidation.”
t0“peanut seedlings”
Claim · model-written summary
SCC mitigating membrane lipid oxidation under Cd stress.
- Taxon
- peanut seedlingsArachis hypogaeat0
- Treatment
- SCCe0
- Outcome
- membrane lipid oxidatione0
- Direction
- mitigatinge0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Furthermore, SCC significantly enhanced superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity in tissues while concomitantly reducing malondialdehyde (MDA) and ROS levels, thereby mitigating membrane lipid oxidation.”
t0“peanut seedlings”
Claim · model-written summary
SCC samples showed upregulation of AUX/IAA.
- Taxon
- peanut seedlingsArachis hypogaeat0
- Gene
- AUX/IAAe0
- Outcome
- upregulatione0
- Direction
- upregulatione0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Concurrently, the analysis revealed that the SCC samples exhibited an upregulation of key genes, including AUX/IAA, GH3, SAUR, and JAZ.”
t0“peanut seedlings”
Claim · model-written summary
SCC samples showed upregulation of GH3.
- Taxon
- peanut seedlingsArachis hypogaeat0
- Gene
- GH3e0
- Outcome
- upregulatione0
- Direction
- upregulatione0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Concurrently, the analysis revealed that the SCC samples exhibited an upregulation of key genes, including AUX/IAA, GH3, SAUR, and JAZ.”
t0“peanut seedlings”
Claim · model-written summary
SCC samples showed upregulation of SAUR.
- Taxon
- peanut seedlingsArachis hypogaeat0
- Gene
- SAURe0
- Outcome
- upregulatione0
- Direction
- upregulatione0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Concurrently, the analysis revealed that the SCC samples exhibited an upregulation of key genes, including AUX/IAA, GH3, SAUR, and JAZ.”
t0“peanut seedlings”
Claim · model-written summary
SCC samples showed upregulation of JAZ.
- Taxon
- peanut seedlingsArachis hypogaeat0
- Gene
- JAZe0
- Outcome
- upregulatione0
- Direction
- upregulatione0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Concurrently, the analysis revealed that the SCC samples exhibited an upregulation of key genes, including AUX/IAA, GH3, SAUR, and JAZ.”
t0“peanut seedlings”
Claim · model-written summary
chlorophyll fluorescence was associated with positive influence on biomass accumulation.
- Taxon
- peanut seedlingsArachis hypogaeat0
- Outcome
- biomass accumulatione0
- Direction
- positivee0
- Qualifier
- chlorophyll fluorescencee0
Not reportedCompound
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Structural equation modelling further indicated that chlorophyll fluorescence exerted a significant positive influence on biomass accumulation, while excessive reactive oxygen species and osmotic regulators served as major inhibitory factors.”
t0“peanut seedlings”
Claim · model-written summary
reactive oxygen species was associated with inhibitory influence on biomass accumulation.
- Taxon
- peanut seedlingsArachis hypogaeat0
- Compound
- reactive oxygen speciese0
- Outcome
- biomass accumulatione0
- Direction
- inhibitorye0
- Qualifier
- reactive oxygen speciese0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Structural equation modelling further indicated that chlorophyll fluorescence exerted a significant positive influence on biomass accumulation, while excessive reactive oxygen species and osmotic regulators served as major inhibitory factors.”
t0“peanut seedlings”
Claim · model-written summary
osmotic regulators was associated with inhibitory influence on biomass accumulation.
- Taxon
- peanut seedlingsArachis hypogaeat0
- Outcome
- biomass accumulatione0
- Direction
- inhibitorye0
- Qualifier
- osmotic regulatorse0
Not reportedCompound
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Structural equation modelling further indicated that chlorophyll fluorescence exerted a significant positive influence on biomass accumulation, while excessive reactive oxygen species and osmotic regulators served as major inhibitory factors.”
t0“peanut seedlings”
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See all 6 papers →8 of 11 groups shown: named compounds and organisms first, then groups whose results differ (checked claim by claim), then those with positive and negative results, then the smaller groups.
Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.