Abstract
Low light intensity and short photoperiods during autumn and winter are frequently exacerbated by structural shading in protected cultivation systems, limiting strawberry ( Fragaria × ananassa ) yield. Although supplemental LED lighting is commonly used to mitigate low-light stress, it is typically directed at the adaxial leaf surface, overlooking the photosynthetic potential of the abaxial surface. In this study, we investigated the effects of directional supplemental lighting applied to adaxial and abaxial leaf surfaces at different intensities on leaf photosynthetic traits, stomatal morphology, fruit yield and quality. Results revealed that the abaxial surface exhibited lower baseline photosynthetic capacity; however, moderate-intensity supplemental lighting significantly enhanced CO₂ assimilation, fruit yield, and fruit quality, achieving outcomes comparable to those under high-intensity adaxial lighting. Plant growth was further promoted under supplemental abaxial illumination, with the adaxial surface exposed to ambient light. Notably, abaxial lighting is more energy efficient than adaxial lighting with equal photon flux. Our results demonstrate that abaxial supplemental lighting is a viable and energy-saving strategy for improving light use efficiency and fruit production under suboptimal light conditions, and provide new insights into leaf surface-specific photosynthetic responses, establishing a foundation for optimising light distribution in controlled agricultural environments. • Moderate abaxial supplemental light effectively promoted the yield of strawberries. • Moderate abaxial light boosts CO₂ assimilation, yield, and fruit quality. • Moderate abaxial lighting enables energy-saving strawberry cultivation.
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Claims 7
Claim · model-written summary
The abaxial leaf surface had lower baseline photosynthetic capacity.
- Taxon
- strawberry ( Fragaria × ananassa )
_single2.jpg?width=60)
Fragaria ×ananassat0 - Organ / stage
- abaxial surfacee0
- Outcome
- baseline photosynthetic capacitye0
- Direction
- lowere0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
_single2.jpg?width=500)
Verbatim
e0“Results revealed that the abaxial surface exhibited lower baseline photosynthetic capacity; however, moderate-intensity supplemental lighting significantly enhanced CO₂ assimilation, fruit yield, and fruit quality, achieving outcomes comparable to those under high-intensity adaxial lighting.”
t0“strawberry (Fragaria × ananassa)”
Claim · model-written summary
Moderate abaxial supplemental lighting significantly enhanced CO₂ assimilation, with results comparable to high-intensity adaxial lighting.
- Taxon
- strawberry ( Fragaria × ananassa )Fragaria ×ananassat0
- Organ / stage
- abaxial surfacee0
- Treatment
- moderate-intensity supplemental lightinge0
- Outcome
- CO₂ assimilatione0
- Direction
- enhancede0
- Comparator
- high-intensity adaxial lightinge0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Results revealed that the abaxial surface exhibited lower baseline photosynthetic capacity; however, moderate-intensity supplemental lighting significantly enhanced CO₂ assimilation, fruit yield, and fruit quality, achieving outcomes comparable to those under high-intensity adaxial lighting.”
t0“strawberry (Fragaria × ananassa)”
Claim · model-written summary
Moderate abaxial supplemental lighting significantly enhanced fruit yield, with results comparable to high-intensity adaxial lighting.
- Taxon
- strawberry ( Fragaria × ananassa )Fragaria ×ananassat0
- Organ / stage
- abaxial surfacee0
- Treatment
- moderate-intensity supplemental lightinge0
- Outcome
- fruit yielde0
- Direction
- enhancede0
- Comparator
- high-intensity adaxial lightinge0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Results revealed that the abaxial surface exhibited lower baseline photosynthetic capacity; however, moderate-intensity supplemental lighting significantly enhanced CO₂ assimilation, fruit yield, and fruit quality, achieving outcomes comparable to those under high-intensity adaxial lighting.”
t0“strawberry (Fragaria × ananassa)”
Claim · model-written summary
Moderate abaxial supplemental lighting significantly enhanced fruit quality, with results comparable to high-intensity adaxial lighting.
- Taxon
- strawberry ( Fragaria × ananassa )Fragaria ×ananassat0
- Organ / stage
- abaxial surfacee0
- Treatment
- moderate-intensity supplemental lightinge0
- Outcome
- fruit qualitye0
- Direction
- enhancede0
- Comparator
- high-intensity adaxial lightinge0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Results revealed that the abaxial surface exhibited lower baseline photosynthetic capacity; however, moderate-intensity supplemental lighting significantly enhanced CO₂ assimilation, fruit yield, and fruit quality, achieving outcomes comparable to those under high-intensity adaxial lighting.”
t0“strawberry (Fragaria × ananassa)”
Claim · model-written summary
Supplemental abaxial illumination promoted strawberry growth with ambient light on the adaxial surface.
- Taxon
- strawberry ( Fragaria × ananassa )Fragaria ×ananassat0
- Treatment
- supplemental abaxial illuminatione0
- Outcome
- Plant growthe0
- Direction
- promotede0
- Qualifier
- adaxial surface exposed to ambient lighte0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Plant growth was further promoted under supplemental abaxial illumination, with the adaxial surface exposed to ambient light.”
t0“strawberry (Fragaria × ananassa)”
Claim · model-written summary
At equal photon flux, abaxial lighting was more energy efficient than adaxial lighting.
- Taxon
- strawberry ( Fragaria × ananassa )Fragaria ×ananassat0
- Outcome
- energy efficiente0
- Direction
- moree0
- Qualifier
- equal photon fluxe0
- Comparator
- adaxial lightinge0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“abaxial lighting is more energy efficient than adaxial lighting with equal photon flux”
t0“strawberry (Fragaria × ananassa)”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors recommend abaxial supplemental lighting to improve light use efficiency and fruit production under suboptimal light.
- Taxon
- strawberry ( Fragaria × ananassa )Fragaria ×ananassat0
- Outcome
- abaxial supplemental lightinge0
- Qualifier
- under suboptimal light conditionse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“abaxial supplemental lighting is a viable and energy-saving strategy for improving light use efficiency and fruit production under suboptimal light conditions”
t0“strawberry (Fragaria × ananassa)”
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Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.