Abstract
Cobalt (Co) toxicity poses a serious constraint on plant growth by inducing oxidative stress and disrupting cellular and physiological processes. This study investigated the interactive effects of Co and sodium nitroprusside (SNP), a nitric oxide (NO) donor, on two lettuce varieties ( Lactuca sativa L.): curly (var. crispa ) and Romaine (var. longifolia ) under controlled hydroponic conditions. Plants were exposed to Co and SNP treatments, and growth parameters, oxidative stress indicators, antioxidant enzyme activities, and Co accumulation in roots and shoots were evaluated. Co exposure markedly reduced shoot and root biomass and increased membrane permeability, hydrogen peroxide (H 2 O 2 ), malondialdehyde (MDA), proline accumulation, and Co concentrations in both varieties. Co+SNP application partially alleviated Co-induced stress relative to Co treatment alone, as evidenced by moderated membrane permeability (MP), reduced lipid peroxidation (MDA), and modulation of antioxidant enzyme activities (CAT and APX), particularly in Romaine lettuce. In contrast, the response of curly lettuce to SNP application was limited, likely due to its higher Co accumulation and greater oxidative burden. Overall, the results demonstrate genotype-dependent responses to SNP application under high-dose Co stress. Although SNP modulated several stress-related parameters, Co accumulation in edible shoot tissues highlights potential food safety concerns. Therefore, the findings should be interpreted within the context of controlled hydroponic systems and provide insight into genotype-dependent stress responses rather than recommendations for food production in Co-contaminated environments.
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Claims 10
Claim · model-written summary
Cobalt exposure reduced shoot and root biomass in both lettuce varieties.
- Taxon
- lettuce
Lactuca sativat0 - Treatment
- Co exposuree0
- Outcome
- shoot and root biomasse0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Qualifier
- in both varietiese1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Co exposure markedly reduced shoot and root biomass”
e1“in both varieties”
t0“lettuce (lactuca sativa l.)”
Claim · model-written summary
Cobalt exposure increased membrane permeability, hydrogen peroxide, and malondialdehyde in both lettuce varieties.
- Taxon
- lettuceLactuca sativat0
- Treatment
- Co exposuree0
- Outcome
- membrane permeability, hydrogen peroxide (H 2 O 2 ), malondialdehyde (MDA)e0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Qualifier
- in both varietiese0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Co exposure markedly reduced shoot and root biomass and increased membrane permeability, hydrogen peroxide (H 2 O 2 ), malondialdehyde (MDA), proline accumulation, and Co concentrations in both varieties.”
t0“lettuce (lactuca sativa l.)”
Claim · model-written summary
Cobalt exposure increased proline accumulation in both lettuce varieties.
- Taxon
- lettuceLactuca sativat0
- Treatment
- Co exposuree0
- Outcome
- proline accumulatione0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Qualifier
- in both varietiese0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Co exposure markedly reduced shoot and root biomass and increased membrane permeability, hydrogen peroxide (H 2 O 2 ), malondialdehyde (MDA), proline accumulation, and Co concentrations in both varieties.”
t0“lettuce (lactuca sativa l.)”
Claim · model-written summary
Cobalt exposure increased cobalt concentrations in both lettuce varieties.
- Taxon
- lettuceLactuca sativat0
- Treatment
- Co exposuree0
- Outcome
- Co concentrationse0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Qualifier
- in both varietiese0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Co exposure markedly reduced shoot and root biomass and increased membrane permeability, hydrogen peroxide (H 2 O 2 ), malondialdehyde (MDA), proline accumulation, and Co concentrations in both varieties.”
t0“lettuce (lactuca sativa l.)”
Claim · model-written summary
Co plus SNP moderated membrane permeability relative to Co alone, particularly in Romaine lettuce.
- Taxon
- Romaine lettuce
Lactuca sativa var. longifoliae0 - Treatment
- Co+SNP applicatione0
- Outcome
- membrane permeability (MP)e0
- Direction
- moderatede0
- Comparator
- Co treatment alonee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Co+SNP application partially alleviated Co-induced stress relative to Co treatment alone, as evidenced by moderated membrane permeability (MP), reduced lipid peroxidation (MDA), and modulation of antioxidant enzyme activities (CAT and APX), particularly in Romaine lettuce.”
Claim · model-written summary
Co plus SNP reduced lipid peroxidation relative to Co alone, particularly in Romaine lettuce.
- Taxon
- Romaine lettuceLactuca sativa var. longifoliae0
- Treatment
- Co+SNP applicatione0
- Outcome
- lipid peroxidation (MDA)e0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Comparator
- Co treatment alonee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Co+SNP application partially alleviated Co-induced stress relative to Co treatment alone, as evidenced by moderated membrane permeability (MP), reduced lipid peroxidation (MDA), and modulation of antioxidant enzyme activities (CAT and APX), particularly in Romaine lettuce.”
Claim · model-written summary
Co plus SNP modulated CAT and APX activities relative to Co alone, particularly in Romaine lettuce.
- Taxon
- Romaine lettuceLactuca sativa var. longifoliae0
- Treatment
- Co+SNP applicatione0
- Outcome
- antioxidant enzyme activities (CAT and APX)e0
- Direction
- modulatione0
- Comparator
- Co treatment alonee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Co+SNP application partially alleviated Co-induced stress relative to Co treatment alone, as evidenced by moderated membrane permeability (MP), reduced lipid peroxidation (MDA), and modulation of antioxidant enzyme activities (CAT and APX), particularly in Romaine lettuce.”
Claim · model-written summary
Curly lettuce had a limited response to SNP under cobalt stress.
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
e0“the response of curly lettuce to SNP application was limited”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors attribute curly lettuce’s limited SNP response to higher cobalt accumulation and oxidative burden.
Verbatim
e0“the response of curly lettuce to SNP application was limited, likely due to its higher Co accumulation and greater oxidative burden”
Claim · model-written summary
Cobalt accumulated in edible lettuce shoots under the studied stress conditions.
- Taxon
- lettuceLactuca sativat0
- Organ / stage
- edible shoot tissuese0
- Outcome
- Co accumulatione0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Co accumulation in edible shoot tissues highlights potential food safety concerns”
t0“lettuce (lactuca sativa l.)”
The same questions in other papers
cobalt atom · nutrient: content · Lactuca sativa (garden lettuce)Positive and negative results
1 in the opposite direction
- positive
cobalt atom · growth · Lactuca sativa (garden lettuce)Positive and negative results
1 paper in the same direction as this paper · 1 in the opposite direction
- positive
- negative
sodium nitroprusside · soil: biology · Lactuca sativa (garden lettuce)Results agree
1 paper in the same direction as this paper
- positive
sodium nitroprusside · physiology: oxidative · Lactuca sativa (garden lettuce)Results agree
3 papers in the same direction as this paper
- positive
- positive
- positive
Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.