Abstract
Rice (Oryza sativa L.) is a staple crop critical for food and nutritional security in India, but its cultivation under traditional puddled transplanted rice is highly resource-intensive, demanding excess water, labour and energy. With growing concerns about groundwater depletion, energy scarcity and rising production costs, resource-efficient alternatives such as dry direct-seeded rice (DDSR) and wet direct-seeded rice (WDSR), coupled with improved irrigation regimes, are gaining importance. The present field investigation was conducted during the kharif seasons of 2021 and 2022 at the Agricultural Research Station, Kampasagar, Telangana, to evaluate the energetics of rice under three establishment methods and three irrigation regimes [conventional submergence, saturation and alternate wetting and drying irrigation (AWDI)]. Results revealed significant differences among establishment methods for specific energy, energy productivity and energy efficiency ratio, whereas irrigation regimes showed non-significant effects. Among the establishment methods, WDSR recorded the lowest specific energy requirement (5.8 MJ kg-1), the highest energy productivity (0.18 kg MJ-1) and superior energy efficiency ratio (2.6), thereby outperforming transplanted rice (TPR) and DDSR. This advantage is particularly relevant under conditions of groundwater depletion and rising energy costs, as rice alone accounts for nearly 50–60 % of irrigation water withdrawals in India, while groundwater pumping contributes about 25 % of total farm energy costs. Across irrigation regimes, AWDI lowered specific energy by ~7–8 % compared to conventional submerged (CS) (5.9 vs. 6.4 MJ kg-1) and improved energy productivity by ~6–12 % (0.17–0.18 vs. 0.16–0.17 kg MJ-1), with efficiency ratio gains of ~4–9 % (2.4–2.6 vs. 2.3–2.4), although differences were statistically non-significant. Overall, WDSR combined with AWDI emerged as the most energy-efficient approach, ensuring sustainable resource utilization without compromising yield. Energetics evaluation thus highlights the potential of alternative establishment methods and water-saving irrigation practices to enhance energy-use efficiency, supporting eco-friendly and economically viable rice cultivation in semi-arid canal command regions.
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Claims 7
Claim · model-written summary
WDSR had the lowest specific energy requirement of 5.8 MJ kg-1 compared with TPR and DDSR.
- Taxon
- rice
Oryza sativae1 - Treatment
- WDSRe0
- Outcome
- specific energy requiremente0
- Direction
- loweste0
- Value
- 5.8 MJ kg-1e0
- Comparator
- transplanted rice (TPR) and DDSRe1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“WDSR recorded the lowest specific energy requirement (5.8 MJ kg-1)”
e1“transplanted rice (TPR) and DDSR”
Claim · model-written summary
WDSR had the highest energy productivity of 0.18 kg MJ-1.
- Taxon
- RiceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- WDSRe1
- Outcome
- energy productivitye0
- Direction
- higheste0
- Value
- 0.18 kg MJ-1e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the highest energy productivity (0.18 kg MJ-1)”
e1“WDSR recorded”
t0“rice cultivation”
Claim · model-written summary
WDSR had a superior energy efficiency ratio of 2.6.
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“superior energy efficiency ratio (2.6)”
e1“WDSR recorded”
t0“rice cultivation”
Claim · model-written summary
AWDI lowered specific energy by about 7–8% versus conventional submergence, without statistical significance.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- AWDIe0
- Outcome
- specific energye0
- Direction
- lowerede0
- Value
- ~7–8 %e0
- Comparator
- conventional submerged (CS)e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“AWDI lowered specific energy by ~7–8 % compared to conventional submerged (CS) (5.9 vs. 6.4 MJ kg-1)”
t0“rice cultivation”
Claim · model-written summary
AWDI improved energy productivity by about 6–12% versus conventional submergence, without statistical significance.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- AWDIe1
- Outcome
- energy productivitye0
- Direction
- improvede0
- Value
- ~6–12 %e0
- Comparator
- conventional submerged (CS)e1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“improved energy productivity by ~6–12 % (0.17–0.18 vs. 0.16–0.17 kg MJ-1)”
e1“AWDI lowered specific energy by ~7–8 % compared to conventional submerged (CS)”
t0“rice cultivation”
Claim · model-written summary
AWDI improved energy efficiency ratio by about 4–9%, without statistical significance.
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“efficiency ratio gains of ~4–9 % (2.4–2.6 vs. 2.3–2.4)”
e1“AWDI lowered”
t0“rice cultivation”
Claim · model-written summary
WDSR with AWDI was the most energy-efficient approach without compromising yield.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- WDSR combined with AWDIe0
- Outcome
- most energy-efficient approache0
- Direction
- most energy-efficiente0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“WDSR combined with AWDI emerged as the most energy-efficient approach, ensuring sustainable resource utilization without compromising yield”
t0“rice cultivation”
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