Abstract
Citrus canker, caused by Xanthomonas citri subsp. citri (Xcc), severely impacts citrus production. This study developed a novel zinc oxide nanoparticles ROS-triggered generation system (ZnO NPs) as an effective bactericidal agent against Xcc. The ZnO NPs exhibited higher antibacterial activity than the commercially available pesticide zinc thiazole. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of ZnO NPs (104.5 μg/mL) is 7.42 times higher than that of 104.5 μg/mL zinc thiazole. Additionally, 1 MIC of ZnO NPs and 1 MIC of zinc thiazole (690.5 μg/mL) exhibited similar therapeutic efficiency, with disease incidences of 3.75 ± 2.04% and 3.33 ± 0.59%, respectively. As the concentration of ZnO NPs increased from 0 to 104.5 μg/mL, Xcc fluorescence density increased from 4377 ± 266.48 to 20,158.67 ± 3133.39 a.u. The ZnO NPs significantly reduced the activity of two key citrate cycle (TCA cycle) enzymes, malate dehydrogenase and succinate dehydrogenase, and disturbed multiple ROS-related metabolic pathways, such as TCA cycle, glutathione metabolism, and ABC transporters. Metabolites associated with ROS-scavenging and cell membrane synthesis, such as carnosine, biotin, valeric acid, and adrenic acid, were significantly downregulated. Pantothenate and CoA biosynthesis, tryptophan metabolism, arginine and proline metabolism, and arginine biosynthesis were identified as potential target pathways. These results suggest that the antibacterial activity of ZnO NPs is mediated by enhanced ROS accumulation, metabolic disruption, and cell membrane damage, leading to leakage of intracellular contents. Moreover, ZnO NPs enhanced citrus disease resistance. This study demonstrates the ZnO NPs as a promising antibacterial agent against Xcc and elucidates its antibacterial mechanisms.
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Claims 11
Claim · model-written summary
ZnO NPs had higher antibacterial activity against Xcc than zinc thiazole.
- Treatment
- ZnO NPse1
- Interactor
- Xanthomonas citri subsp. citriXanthomonas citri pv. citrie0pathogen
- Outcome
- antibacterial activitye1
- Direction
- highere1
- Comparator
- zinc thiazolee1
CitrusOrganisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Citrus canker, caused by Xanthomonas citri subsp. citri (Xcc), severely impacts citrus production.”
e1“The ZnO NPs exhibited higher antibacterial activity than the commercially available pesticide zinc thiazole.”
Claim · model-written summary
The stated MIC of ZnO NPs was 7.42 times higher than that of zinc thiazole.
- Treatment
- ZnO NPse1
- Interactor
- Xanthomonas citri subsp. citriXanthomonas citri pv. citrie0pathogen
- Outcome
- minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC)e1
- Direction
- highere1
- Value
- 7.42 timese1
- Comparator
- zinc thiazolee1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Citrus canker, caused by Xanthomonas citri subsp. citri (Xcc), severely impacts citrus production.”
e1“The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of ZnO NPs (104.5 μg/mL) is 7.42 times higher than that of 104.5 μg/mL zinc thiazole.”
Claim · model-written summary
One MIC of ZnO NPs gave similar therapeutic efficiency to one MIC of zinc thiazole, with disease incidence of 3.75 ± 2.04%.
- Treatment
- 1 MIC of ZnO NPse1
- Interactor
- Xanthomonas citri subsp. citriXanthomonas citri pv. citrie0pathogen
- Outcome
- disease incidencese1
- Direction
- similare1
- Value
- 3.75 ± 2.04%e1
- Qualifier
- 3.33 ± 0.59%e1
- Comparator
- 1 MIC of zinc thiazolee1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Citrus canker, caused by Xanthomonas citri subsp. citri (Xcc), severely impacts citrus production.”
e1“1 MIC of ZnO NPs and 1 MIC of zinc thiazole (690.5 μg/mL) exhibited similar therapeutic efficiency, with disease incidences of 3.75 ± 2.04% and 3.33 ± 0.59%, respectively.”
Claim · model-written summary
Xcc fluorescence density increased as ZnO NP concentration rose from 0 to 104.5 μg/mL.
- Treatment
- ZnO NPse1
- Interactor
- Xcce0pathogen
- Outcome
- Xcc fluorescence densitye1
- Direction
- increasede1
- Value
- 20,158.67 ± 3133.39 a.u.e1
- Qualifier
- 4377 ± 266.48e1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Citrus canker, caused by Xanthomonas citri subsp. citri (Xcc), severely impacts citrus production.”
e1“As the concentration of ZnO NPs increased from 0 to 104.5 μg/mL, Xcc fluorescence density increased from 4377 ± 266.48 to 20,158.67 ± 3133.39 a.u.”
Claim · model-written summary
ZnO NPs significantly reduced Xcc malate dehydrogenase and succinate dehydrogenase activity.
- Treatment
- ZnO NPse1
- Interactor
- Xcce0pathogen
- Gene
- malate dehydrogenase and succinate dehydrogenasee1
- Outcome
- activity of two key citrate cycle (TCA cycle) enzymese1
- Direction
- reducede1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Citrus canker, caused by Xanthomonas citri subsp. citri (Xcc), severely impacts citrus production.”
e1“The ZnO NPs significantly reduced the activity of two key citrate cycle (TCA cycle) enzymes, malate dehydrogenase and succinate dehydrogenase”
Claim · model-written summary
ZnO NPs disturbed Xcc TCA cycle, glutathione metabolism and ABC transporter pathways.
- Treatment
- ZnO NPse2
- Interactor
- Xcce0pathogen
- Outcome
- multiple ROS-related metabolic pathwayse1
- Direction
- disturbede1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Citrus canker, caused by Xanthomonas citri subsp. citri (Xcc), severely impacts citrus production.”
e1“disturbed multiple ROS-related metabolic pathways, such as TCA cycle, glutathione metabolism, and ABC transporters.”
e2“The ZnO NPs exhibited higher antibacterial activity than the commercially available pesticide zinc thiazole.”
Claim · model-written summary
Metabolites associated with ROS scavenging and cell membrane synthesis were significantly downregulated.
- Interactor
- Xcce0pathogen
- Outcome
- carnosine, biotin, valeric acid, and adrenic acide1
- Direction
- downregulatede1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Citrus canker, caused by Xanthomonas citri subsp. citri (Xcc), severely impacts citrus production.”
e1“Metabolites associated with ROS-scavenging and cell membrane synthesis, such as carnosine, biotin, valeric acid, and adrenic acid, were significantly downregulated.”
Claim · model-written summary
Pantothenate and CoA biosynthesis and tryptophan metabolism were identified as potential target pathways.
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Citrus canker, caused by Xanthomonas citri subsp. citri (Xcc), severely impacts citrus production.”
e1“Pantothenate and CoA biosynthesis, tryptophan metabolism, arginine and proline metabolism, and arginine biosynthesis were identified as potential target pathways.”
Claim · model-written summary
Arginine and proline metabolism and arginine biosynthesis were identified as potential target pathways.
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Citrus canker, caused by Xanthomonas citri subsp. citri (Xcc), severely impacts citrus production.”
e1“Pantothenate and CoA biosynthesis, tryptophan metabolism, arginine and proline metabolism, and arginine biosynthesis were identified as potential target pathways.”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors infer that ZnO NP antibacterial activity involves ROS accumulation, metabolic disruption and membrane damage with intracellular leakage.
- Interactor
- Xcce0pathogen
- Outcome
- antibacterial activity of ZnO NPse1
- Qualifier
- enhanced ROS accumulation, metabolic disruption, and cell membrane damagee1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Citrus canker, caused by Xanthomonas citri subsp. citri (Xcc), severely impacts citrus production.”
e1“These results suggest that the antibacterial activity of ZnO NPs is mediated by enhanced ROS accumulation, metabolic disruption, and cell membrane damage, leading to leakage of intracellular contents.”
Claim · model-written summary
ZnO NPs enhanced citrus disease resistance.
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Citrus canker, caused by Xanthomonas citri subsp. citri (Xcc), severely impacts citrus production.”
e1“Moreover, ZnO NPs enhanced citrus disease resistance.”
The same questions in other papers
zinc oxide · disease · CitrusResults agree
1 paper in the same direction as this paper
- positive
nanoparticle · disease · CitrusResults agree
5 papers in the same direction as this paper
- positive
- positive
- positive
2 papers more in this group
See all 6 papers →Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.