Abstract
Abstract Diversified agricultural systems such as intercropping and cover cropping provide a wide range of emergent properties that can positively impact agricultural performance metrics. Both cropping systems by leveraging distinct ecological processes such as associational resistance and plant–soil feedbacks can facilitate soil health while increasing pest resistance and crop productivity. However, the extent to which the cropping system in general and the companion plant species in particular induce changes to plant metabolism as a mechanism mediating plant resistance remains understudied and limits a wider application of companion cropping technologies. To close this gap, we use microcosm experiments that simulate intercropping and cover cropping practices by manipulating plant neighbourhood and soil conditioning to investigate how three different companion legume species change plant secondary metabolite profiles and the resulting effects on herbivore resistance of maize plants. By utilizing a conventional maize variety (genetically modified; bt‐transformed), we further test the potential for such ecosystem services to persist under industrialized agricultural systems. The non‐volatile secondary metabolite profiles of maize leaves and roots differed across intercropping and cover cropping systems, while volatile organic compound emissions remained largely unchanged. Defence‐related compounds such as benzoxazinoids were generally upregulated under intercropping, while the companion plant identity further shaped the maize defence profile with bean intercropping specifically upregulating benzoxazinoid compounds. Resistance bioassays with the generalist herbivore Spodoptera frugiperda revealed that intercropping significantly reduces leaf damage relative to cover cropping. Among the intercrops, beans increase larval mortality while alfalfa decreases larval mortality on maize plants. Synthesis and applications . We demonstrate that intercropping and cover cropping can shape the overall secondary metabolite profiles of maize and mediate herbivore resistance. These findings underscore that crop diversification strategies can specifically modulate the expression of chemical defences linked to herbivore resistance. In practical terms, this means that diversified cropping systems can be optimized to enhance constitutive levels of pest resistance, potentially reducing the reliance on insecticides, increasing sustainability and supporting yield. The fact that positive resistance effects persist even when using pest‐resistant GM crops suggests companion cropping practices as a valid tool to increase the sustainable management of insect pests.
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Claims 8
Claim · model-written summary
Intercropping and cover cropping differed in non-volatile secondary metabolite profiles of maize leaves and roots.
- Treatment
- intercropping and cover cropping systemse1
- Outcome
- non‐volatile secondary metabolite profiles of maize leaves and rootse1
- Direction
- differede1
Zea maysNot reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“maize secondary metabolism”
e1“The non‐volatile secondary metabolite profiles of maize leaves and roots differed across intercropping and cover cropping systems”
Claim · model-written summary
Volatile organic compound emissions remained largely unchanged across cropping systems.
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“maize secondary metabolism”
e2“while volatile organic compound emissions remained largely unchanged”
Claim · model-written summary
Intercropping generally upregulated defence-related benzoxazinoids in maize.
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“maize secondary metabolism”
e3“Defence‐related compounds such as benzoxazinoids were generally upregulated under intercropping”
Claim · model-written summary
Bean intercropping specifically upregulated benzoxazinoid compounds in maize.
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“maize secondary metabolism”
e4“bean intercropping specifically upregulating benzoxazinoid compounds”
Claim · model-written summary
Intercropping significantly reduced leaf damage by Spodoptera frugiperda relative to cover cropping.
- Treatment
- intercroppinge5
- Interactor
- Spodoptera frugiperda
.jpg?width=60)
Spodoptera frugiperdae5herbivore - Outcome
- leaf damagee5
- Direction
- reducese5
- Comparator
- cover croppinge5
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
.jpg?width=500)
Verbatim
t0“maize secondary metabolism”
e5“Resistance bioassays with the generalist herbivore Spodoptera frugiperda revealed that intercropping significantly reduces leaf damage relative to cover cropping”
Claim · model-written summary
Beans increased larval mortality on maize.
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“maize secondary metabolism”
e6“Among the intercrops, beans increase larval mortality while alfalfa decreases larval mortality on maize plants”
Claim · model-written summary
Alfalfa decreased larval mortality on maize.
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“maize secondary metabolism”
e6“Among the intercrops, beans increase larval mortality while alfalfa decreases larval mortality on maize plants”
Claim · model-written summary
Companion cropping may be a valid tool to increase the sustainable management of insect pests in maize.
- Outcome
- sustainable management of insect pestse7
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“maize secondary metabolism”
e7“companion cropping practices as a valid tool to increase the sustainable management of insect pests”
The same questions in other papers
Medicago sativa · pest · Zea mays (maize)Positive and negative results
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intercropping · Spodoptera frugiperda · Zea mays (maize)Positive and negative results
5 papers in the same direction as this paper · 1 in the opposite direction
- no effect
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3 papers more in this group
See all 7 papers →Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.