Abstract
Polyethylene film (PE) mulching produces substantial “white pollution,” prompting the use of biodegradable film (BF) alternatives, yet their performance in rice systems on Northeast black soils is still uncertain. We compared three BFs with different induction periods (45 d, BF45; 60 d, BF60; 80 d, BF80), PE and a no-film control (CK) to quantify their effects on soil hydrothermal conditions, rice growth, yield, grain quality, irrigation water use efficiency (IWUE) and soil C, N. Results showed that mulching increased soil temperature and soil moisture. Across the growing season, the mean soil temperature at the 0–5 cm depth under PE was 5.5% and 2.2–5.5% higher than that under CK and BFs, respectively. Specifically, compared with CK, PE increased grain yield by 31–77% and IWUE by 75–123%, while BFs improved yield by 25–73% and IWUE by 48–101%. PE only slightly outperformed BF80 in yield (by 2.3% in 2023 and 2.1% in 2024) but achieved higher IWUE (11.0–11.7%). Grain chalkiness and sensory scores under BFs were comparable to PE and better than CK. At 0–20 cm, PE increased SOC (2.3–6.8%) and the C/N ratio (0–0.8%) but reduced total nitrogen (TN) (2.7–3.9%) and total carbon (TC) (2.5–3.1%), whereas BFs increased Org-N by 0.4–4.2%, SOC by 2.9–7.1%, and TN by 0.2–0.7%, with BF80 showing the greatest stimulatory effect. Overall, BFs—particularly BF80—are promising substitutes for PE in black soil rice systems, supporting sustainable rice production with strong application potential.
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Claims 19
Claim · model-written summary
Mulching increased soil temperature and soil moisture.
- Taxon
- Rice
Oryza sativat0 - Treatment
- mulchinge0
- Outcome
- soil temperature and soil moisturee0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“mulching increased soil temperature and soil moisture”
t0“Rice”
Claim · model-written summary
PE raised mean soil temperature at 0–5 cm by 5.5% relative to CK.
- Taxon
- RiceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- PEe0
- Outcome
- mean soil temperaturee0
- Direction
- highere0
- Value
- 5.5%e0
- Comparator
- CKe0
Not reportedOrgan / stage
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“mean soil temperature at the 0–5 cm depth under PE was 5.5% and 2.2–5.5% higher than that under CK and BFs, respectively”
t0“Rice”
Claim · model-written summary
PE raised mean soil temperature at 0–5 cm by 2.2–5.5% relative to BFs.
- Taxon
- RiceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- PEe0
- Outcome
- mean soil temperaturee0
- Direction
- highere0
- Value
- 2.2–5.5%e0
- Comparator
- BFse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“mean soil temperature at the 0–5 cm depth under PE was 5.5% and 2.2–5.5% higher than that under CK and BFs, respectively”
t0“Rice”
Claim · model-written summary
PE increased grain yield by 31–77% relative to CK.
- Taxon
- RiceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- PEe0
- Outcome
- grain yielde0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 31–77%e0
- Comparator
- CKe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“compared with CK, PE increased grain yield by 31–77% and IWUE by 75–123%”
t0“Rice”
Claim · model-written summary
PE increased IWUE by 75–123% relative to CK.
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“compared with CK, PE increased grain yield by 31–77% and IWUE by 75–123%”
t0“Rice”
Claim · model-written summary
BFs improved yield by 25–73% relative to CK.
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“BFs improved yield by 25–73% and IWUE by 48–101%”
t0“Rice”
Claim · model-written summary
BFs improved IWUE by 48–101% relative to CK.
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“BFs improved yield by 25–73% and IWUE by 48–101%”
t0“Rice”
Claim · model-written summary
PE yield exceeded BF80 yield by 2.3% in 2023 and 2.1% in 2024.
- Taxon
- RiceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- PEe0
- Outcome
- yielde0
- Direction
- outperformede0
- Value
- 2.3% in 2023 and 2.1% in 2024e0
- Comparator
- BF80e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“PE only slightly outperformed BF80 in yield (by 2.3% in 2023 and 2.1% in 2024)”
t0“Rice”
Claim · model-written summary
PE achieved 11.0–11.7% higher IWUE than BF80.
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“PE only slightly outperformed BF80 in yield (by 2.3% in 2023 and 2.1% in 2024) but achieved higher IWUE (11.0–11.7%)”
t0“Rice”
Claim · model-written summary
BFs produced grain chalkiness and sensory scores comparable to PE and better than CK.
- Taxon
- RiceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- BFse0
- Outcome
- Grain chalkiness and sensory scorese0
- Direction
- bettere0
- Comparator
- CKe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Grain chalkiness and sensory scores under BFs were comparable to PE and better than CK”
t0“Rice”
Claim · model-written summary
PE increased SOC by 2.3–6.8% at 0–20 cm.
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“At 0–20 cm, PE increased SOC (2.3–6.8%)”
t0“Rice”
Claim · model-written summary
PE increased the C/N ratio by 0–0.8% at 0–20 cm.
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“PE increased SOC (2.3–6.8%) and the C/N ratio (0–0.8%)”
t0“Rice”
Claim · model-written summary
PE reduced total nitrogen by 2.7–3.9%.
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“PE increased SOC (2.3–6.8%) and the C/N ratio (0–0.8%) but reduced total nitrogen (TN) (2.7–3.9%)”
t0“Rice”
Claim · model-written summary
PE reduced total carbon by 2.5–3.1%.
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“PE increased SOC (2.3–6.8%) and the C/N ratio (0–0.8%) but reduced total nitrogen (TN) (2.7–3.9%) and total carbon (TC) (2.5–3.1%)”
t0“Rice”
Claim · model-written summary
BFs increased Org-N by 0.4–4.2%.
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“BFs increased Org-N by 0.4–4.2%, SOC by 2.9–7.1%, and TN by 0.2–0.7%”
t0“Rice”
Claim · model-written summary
BFs increased SOC by 2.9–7.1%.
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“BFs increased Org-N by 0.4–4.2%, SOC by 2.9–7.1%, and TN by 0.2–0.7%”
t0“Rice”
Claim · model-written summary
BFs increased TN by 0.2–0.7%.
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“BFs increased Org-N by 0.4–4.2%, SOC by 2.9–7.1%, and TN by 0.2–0.7%”
t0“Rice”
Claim · model-written summary
BF80 showed the greatest stimulatory effect on soil C and N.
- Taxon
- RiceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- BF80e0
- Outcome
- greatest stimulatory effecte0
- Direction
- greateste0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“with BF80 showing the greatest stimulatory effect”
t0“Rice”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors identify BFs, particularly BF80, as promising PE substitutes in black soil rice systems.
- Taxon
- RiceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- BFse0
- Outcome
- promising substitutes for PE in black soil rice systemse0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“BFs—particularly BF80—are promising substitutes for PE in black soil rice systems”
t0“Rice”
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See all 16 papers →Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.