Abstract
Wheat production in semi-arid regions faces escalating challenges from water scarcity, heat stress, and climatic variability, making improvements in physiological efficiency and yield stability critical for sustaining productivity. This study evaluated the combined influence of spring wheat cultivars and plant growth promoters (PGPs) on crop performance in a semi-arid climate, using a two-year (rabi 2021-22 and 2022-23) split-plot field experiment with three cultivars (DBW-187, K-1006, and K-607) and six PGPs treatments, including nitrobenzene, GA 3 , seaweed extracts, and micronutrient chelates. Measurements taken at tillering, flowering, and harvest revealed strong cultivar × PGP interactions, with DBW-187 showing superior growth and physiological traits such as higher tiller number (+18.3%), tiller production rate (+19.7%), dry matter accumulation (+18.3%), and improved SPAD, NDVI, and stomatal conductance (+9.5%). Micronutrient chelates (PGP6) emerged as the most effective promoter, enhancing tiller production (+36.0% to +50.5%), dry matter accumulation (+33.4%), leaf area index (+11.6%), and pigment concentrations, ultimately contributing to better stress tolerance and higher yield. The DBW-187 + PGP 6 combination achieved the highest productivity (5.38 t ha -1 ), representing a ∼24% yield increase over the control, while GA 3 also produced notable gains (12.8-19.4%). Overall, the results highlight that integrating nutrient-efficient cultivars with targeted PGPs especially micronutrient formulations and GA 3 offers a low-cost, sustainable pathway to enhance physiological resilience and optimize wheat performance in water-limited and heat-stressed agro-ecosystems. • DBW-187 + PGP6 increased yield to 5.38 t ha -1 (+24.1% over control). • Micronutrient chelates raised tiller count by 36% and dry matter by 33%. • DBW-187 recorded +19.7% tiller rate and +9.5% stomatal conductance. • GA 3 treatment enhanced grain yield by 12.8–19.4% across cultivars. • Cultivar–PGP synergy improved LAI (+11.6%) and photosynthetic efficiency.
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Claims 11
Claim · model-written summary
DBW-187 had 18.3% higher tiller number.
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“DBW-187 showing superior growth and physiological traits such as higher tiller number (+18.3%)”
t0“wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
DBW-187 had 19.7% higher tiller production rate.
- Taxon
- wheat
Triticum aestivumt0 - Material
- DBW-187e0
- Outcome
- tiller production ratee0
- Direction
- highere0
- Value
- +19.7%e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“DBW-187 showing superior growth and physiological traits such as higher tiller number (+18.3%), tiller production rate (+19.7%)”
t0“wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
DBW-187 had 18.3% greater dry matter accumulation.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Material
- DBW-187e0
- Outcome
- dry matter accumulatione0
- Direction
- highere0
- Value
- +18.3%e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“DBW-187 showing superior growth and physiological traits such as higher tiller number (+18.3%), tiller production rate (+19.7%), dry matter accumulation (+18.3%)”
t0“wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
DBW-187 improved SPAD and NDVI measures.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Material
- DBW-187e1
- Outcome
- SPAD, NDVIe0
- Direction
- improvede0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“improved SPAD, NDVI, and stomatal conductance (+9.5%)”
e1“DBW-187 showing superior growth”
t0“wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
DBW-187 improved stomatal conductance by 9.5%.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Material
- DBW-187e1
- Outcome
- stomatal conductancee0
- Direction
- improvede0
- Value
- +9.5%e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“improved SPAD, NDVI, and stomatal conductance (+9.5%)”
e1“DBW-187 showing superior growth”
t0“wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Micronutrient chelates increased tiller production by 36.0% to 50.5%.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- Micronutrient chelates (PGP6)e0
- Outcome
- tiller productione0
- Direction
- enhancinge0
- Value
- +36.0% to +50.5%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Micronutrient chelates (PGP6) emerged as the most effective promoter, enhancing tiller production (+36.0% to +50.5%)”
t0“wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Micronutrient chelates increased dry matter accumulation by 33.4%.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- Micronutrient chelates (PGP6)e0
- Outcome
- dry matter accumulatione0
- Direction
- enhancinge0
- Value
- +33.4%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Micronutrient chelates (PGP6) emerged as the most effective promoter, enhancing tiller production (+36.0% to +50.5%), dry matter accumulation (+33.4%)”
t0“wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Micronutrient chelates increased leaf area index by 11.6%.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- Micronutrient chelates (PGP6)e0
- Outcome
- leaf area indexe0
- Direction
- enhancinge0
- Value
- +11.6%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Micronutrient chelates (PGP6) emerged as the most effective promoter, enhancing tiller production (+36.0% to +50.5%), dry matter accumulation (+33.4%), leaf area index (+11.6%)”
t0“wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Micronutrient chelates enhanced pigment concentrations.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- Micronutrient chelates (PGP6)e0
- Outcome
- pigment concentrationse0
- Direction
- enhancinge0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Micronutrient chelates (PGP6) emerged as the most effective promoter, enhancing tiller production (+36.0% to +50.5%), dry matter accumulation (+33.4%), leaf area index (+11.6%), and pigment concentrations”
t0“wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
DBW-187 with PGP6 yielded 5.38 t ha -1.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Material
- DBW-187e0
- Treatment
- PGP 6e0
- Outcome
- productivitye0
- Direction
- higheste0
- Value
- 5.38 t ha -1e0
- Qualifier
- ∼24%e0
- Comparator
- the controle0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The DBW-187 + PGP 6 combination achieved the highest productivity (5.38 t ha -1 ), representing a ∼24% yield increase over the control”
t0“wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
GA 3 increased grain yield by 12.8–19.4% across cultivars.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- GA 3 treatmente0
- Outcome
- grain yielde0
- Direction
- enhancede0
- Value
- 12.8–19.4%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“GA 3 treatment enhanced grain yield by 12.8–19.4% across cultivars.”
t0“wheat”
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