Abstract
Nano-agriculture has emerged as a promising approach to modern farming. Nano-formulations, particularly nano-fertilizers, enable targeted delivery of nutrients, reduce the required input doses, and enhance nutrient use efficiency. These nano-technologies also contribute to increased stress tolerance, improved plant immune responses, and better crop performance, making them a viable alternative to conventional fertilizers. The present study aimed to assess the costs and returns associated with varying levels of conventional and nano-fertilizer applications. A field experiment was conducted during the Kharif seasons of 2022 and 2023 at the All India Network Research Project on Onion and Garlic, UAS, Dharwad, to evaluate the economic performance of onion (Allium cepa) cultivation under Integrated Crop Management (ICM) practices with a special emphasis on Nano fertilizers. Thirteen treatments involving combinations of conventional fertilizers, secondary and micronutrients, and Nano formulations were assessed for their impact on cost of cultivation, gross and net returns, and benefit-cost (B:C) ratios. Results showed that treatments incorporating Nano fertilizers—particularly T11 (Nano-Zn + Nano-Fe + Boron + Sulphur) and T12 (Vegetable special)—consistently delivered higher economic returns and profitability, achieving the highest net returns (₹325,705 and ₹317,132, respectively) and B:C ratios (2.99). In contrast, conventional high-input treatments like T5 incurred the highest costs without proportionate returns, while the absolute control (T13) had the lowest costs and returns, resulting in the least profitability. The study highlights the effectiveness of Nano fertilizers in improving nutrient use efficiency, reducing input costs, and supporting sustainable and profitable onion production. These findings support a strategic shift toward integrated nutrient management by combining reduced conventional inputs with targeted Nano interventions. The study results advocate for a paradigm shift toward input-optimized, environmentally sound practices in onion production, offering a promising path toward resilient and sustainable agriculture.
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Claims 8
Claim · model-written summary
T11 produced the highest onion net return of ₹325,705.
- Taxon
- onion
Allium cepae0 - Treatment
- T11 (Nano-Zn + Nano-Fe + Boron + Sulphur)e1
- Outcome
- net returnse1
- Direction
- higheste1
- Value
- ₹325,705e1
Not reportedComparatorSetting
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“onion (Allium cepa) cultivation under Integrated Crop Management (ICM) practices”
e1“T11 (Nano-Zn + Nano-Fe + Boron + Sulphur) and T12 (Vegetable special)—consistently delivered higher economic returns and profitability, achieving the highest net returns (₹325,705 and ₹317,132, respectively)”
Claim · model-written summary
T12 produced an onion net return of ₹317,132 among the highest returns.
- Taxon
- onionAllium cepae0
- Treatment
- T12 (Vegetable special)e1
- Outcome
- net returnse1
- Direction
- higheste1
- Value
- ₹317,132e1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“onion (Allium cepa) cultivation under Integrated Crop Management (ICM) practices”
e1“T12 (Vegetable special)—consistently delivered higher economic returns and profitability, achieving the highest net returns (₹325,705 and ₹317,132, respectively)”
Claim · model-written summary
The reported highest benefit to cost ratio for T11 was 2.99.
- Taxon
- onionAllium cepae0
- Treatment
- T11 (Nano-Zn + Nano-Fe + Boron + Sulphur)e1
- Outcome
- B:C ratiose1
- Direction
- higheste1
- Value
- 2.99e1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“onion (Allium cepa) cultivation under Integrated Crop Management (ICM) practices”
e1“T11 (Nano-Zn + Nano-Fe + Boron + Sulphur) and T12 (Vegetable special)—consistently delivered higher economic returns and profitability, achieving the highest net returns (₹325,705 and ₹317,132, respectively) and B:C ratios (2.99)”
Claim · model-written summary
The reported highest benefit to cost ratio for T12 was 2.99.
- Taxon
- onionAllium cepae0
- Treatment
- T12 (Vegetable special)e1
- Outcome
- B:C ratiose1
- Direction
- higheste1
- Value
- 2.99e1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“onion (Allium cepa) cultivation under Integrated Crop Management (ICM) practices”
e1“T12 (Vegetable special)—consistently delivered higher economic returns and profitability, achieving the highest net returns (₹325,705 and ₹317,132, respectively) and B:C ratios (2.99)”
Claim · model-written summary
T5 incurred the highest costs without proportionate returns.
- Taxon
- OnionAllium cepat0
- Treatment
- T5e0
- Outcome
- highest costs without proportionate returnse0
- Direction
- higheste0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Onion Production”
e0“conventional high-input treatments like T5 incurred the highest costs without proportionate returns”
Claim · model-written summary
The absolute control T13 had the lowest costs.
- Taxon
- OnionAllium cepat0
- Treatment
- T13e0
- Outcome
- costse0
- Direction
- loweste0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Onion Production”
e0“the absolute control (T13) had the lowest costs and returns, resulting in the least profitability”
Claim · model-written summary
The absolute control T13 had the lowest returns and least profitability.
- Taxon
- OnionAllium cepat0
- Treatment
- T13e0
- Outcome
- returns, resulting in the least profitabilitye0
- Direction
- loweste0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Onion Production”
e0“the absolute control (T13) had the lowest costs and returns, resulting in the least profitability”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors advocate combining reduced conventional inputs with targeted Nano interventions for onion production.
- Taxon
- OnionAllium cepat0
- Outcome
- integrated nutrient management by combining reduced conventional inputs with targeted Nano interventionse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Onion Production”
e0“These findings support a strategic shift toward integrated nutrient management by combining reduced conventional inputs with targeted Nano interventions”
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See all 25 papers →Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.