Abstract
Low temperature is a critical abiotic stress that imposes major constraints on the sustainable development of the fruit tree industry. Although exogenous dopamine has been shown to enhance cold tolerance in plants, its molecular mechanisms in apple (Malus domestica) remain poorly understood. In this study, we systematically investigated the role of dopamine in cold stress using exogenous dopamine application, overexpression (OE), and RNA interference (RNAi) of the MdTYDC (a key enzyme in dopamine biosynthesis). Our findings demonstrate that dopamine enhances cold resistance in apple through multiple mechanisms, including reducing reactive oxygen species accumulation, improving photosynthesis and stomatal function, promoting anthocyanin biosynthesis, and upregulating CBF genes. Molecular genetic analyses further revealed that MdICE1, a central transcriptional regulator, directly binds to cis-regulatory elements in the MdTYDC promoter, thereby activating its transcription. Notably, we identified another bHLH transcription factor, MdFAMA, which interacts with MdICE1 and facilitates its binding to the MdTYDC promoter. This interaction amplifies dopamine biosynthesis and strengthens cold resistance. Moreover, exogenous dopamine treatment synergistically induced MdICE1 and MdFAMA expression, forming a positive feedback loop. This feedback mechanism establishes a hierarchical amplification of signalling, further reinforcing tolerance to low temperatures. Collectively, this study elucidates, for the first time, the molecular framework through which the MdICE1/MdFAMA-MdTYDC regulatory module orchestrates dopamine-mediated cold tolerance in apple, providing novel insights into stress adaptation in perennial fruit crops.
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Claims 9
Claim · model-written summary
Dopamine enhanced cold resistance in apple.
- Taxon
- apple
Malus domesticae0 - Treatment
- dopaminee0
- Outcome
- cold resistancee0
- Direction
- enhancese0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“dopamine enhances cold resistance in apple”
Claim · model-written summary
Dopamine reduced reactive oxygen species accumulation.
- Taxon
- appleMalus domesticae0
- Treatment
- dopaminee0
- Outcome
- reactive oxygen species accumulatione0
- Direction
- reducinge0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“dopamine enhances cold resistance in apple through multiple mechanisms, including reducing reactive oxygen species accumulation”
Claim · model-written summary
Dopamine improved photosynthesis and stomatal function.
- Taxon
- appleMalus domesticae0
- Treatment
- dopaminee0
- Outcome
- photosynthesis and stomatal functione0
- Direction
- improvinge0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“dopamine enhances cold resistance in apple through multiple mechanisms, including reducing reactive oxygen species accumulation, improving photosynthesis and stomatal function”
Claim · model-written summary
Dopamine promoted anthocyanin biosynthesis.
- Taxon
- appleMalus domesticae0
- Treatment
- dopaminee0
- Outcome
- anthocyanin biosynthesise0
- Direction
- promotinge0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“dopamine enhances cold resistance in apple through multiple mechanisms, including reducing reactive oxygen species accumulation, improving photosynthesis and stomatal function, promoting anthocyanin biosynthesis”
Claim · model-written summary
Dopamine upregulated CBF genes.
- Taxon
- appleMalus domesticae0
- Treatment
- dopaminee0
- Gene
- CBF genese0
- Outcome
- CBF genese0
- Direction
- upregulatinge0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“dopamine enhances cold resistance in apple through multiple mechanisms, including reducing reactive oxygen species accumulation, improving photosynthesis and stomatal function, promoting anthocyanin biosynthesis, and upregulating CBF genes”
Claim · model-written summary
MdICE1 bound cis regulatory elements of the MdTYDC promoter and activated transcription.
- Taxon
- apple (Malus domestica)Malus domesticae1
- Gene
- MdICE1e0
- Outcome
- transcriptione0
- Qualifier
- cis-regulatory elements in the MdTYDC promotere0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“MdICE1, a central transcriptional regulator, directly binds to cis-regulatory elements in the MdTYDC promoter, thereby activating its transcription”
e1“apple (Malus domestica)”
Claim · model-written summary
MdFAMA interacted with MdICE1 and facilitated MdICE1 binding to the MdTYDC promoter.
- Taxon
- apple (Malus domestica)Malus domesticae1
- Gene
- MdFAMAe0
- Outcome
- binding to the MdTYDC promotere0
- Qualifier
- interacts with MdICE1e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“MdFAMA, which interacts with MdICE1 and facilitates its binding to the MdTYDC promoter”
e1“apple (Malus domestica)”
Claim · model-written summary
The MdFAMA and MdICE1 interaction amplified dopamine biosynthesis and strengthened cold resistance.
- Taxon
- apple (Malus domestica)Malus domesticae2
- Gene
- MdFAMAe1
- Outcome
- dopamine biosynthesis and strengthens cold resistancee0
- Qualifier
- This interactione0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“This interaction amplifies dopamine biosynthesis and strengthens cold resistance”
e1“MdFAMA, which interacts with MdICE1”
e2“apple (Malus domestica)”
Claim · model-written summary
Exogenous dopamine synergistically induced MdICE1 and MdFAMA expression.
- Taxon
- apple (Malus domestica)Malus domesticae1
- Treatment
- exogenous dopamine treatmente0
- Gene
- MdICE1 and MdFAMAe0
- Outcome
- MdICE1 and MdFAMA expressione0
- Direction
- inducede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“exogenous dopamine treatment synergistically induced MdICE1 and MdFAMA expression”
e1“apple (Malus domestica)”
The same questions in other papers
dopamine · quality: phytochemicals · Malus domestica (apple)Results agree
1 paper in the same direction as this paper
- positive
dopamine · physiology: oxidative · Malus domestica (apple)Results agree
2 papers in the same direction as this paper
- positive
- positive
dopamine · molecular: expression · Malus domestica (apple)Results agree
2 papers in the same direction as this paper
- positive
- positive
dopamine · physiology: photosynthesis · Malus domestica (apple)Results agree
3 papers in the same direction as this paper
- positive
- positive
- positive
Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.