Abstract
The increasing demand for sustainable agriculture requires innovative strategies to enhance nitrogen use efficiency while minimizing environmental losses associated with conventional fertilizers. This study aimed to develop and compare ammonium chloride- and ammonium nitrate-modified nanobiochar as controlled-release nitrogen carriers and to elucidate their effects on nitrogen retention, soil properties, and physiological nitrogen utilization in spinach (Spinacia oleracea L.). Nitrogen-modified nanobiochar was synthesized using ammonium chloride (NB-AC) and ammonium nitrate (NB-AN) at three nitrogen rates (0.03, 0.06, and 0.12 g N g−1 NB) and applied to soil at 1% (w/w). Soil properties, nutrient dynamics, and plant growth and physiological traits were analyzed after 15 and 30 days. Nitrogen modification significantly improved soil nitrogen retention and nutrient availability compared with unmodified nanobiochar. The highest nitrogen loading treatments (NB-AC3 and NB-AN3) notably improved spinach growth, photosynthetic efficiency, pigment content, nitrogen metabolism enzymatic activities, and accumulation of key metabolites (soluble sugars, flavonoids). Nitrogen-release assessments indicated a pronounced controlled-release with reduced nitrogen leaching and greater retention, particularly under NB-AN3. Overall, this study demonstrates that nitrogen-modified nanobiochar functions as an effective nitrogen carrier that enhances nitrogen utilization and growth. These findings provide mechanistic insights into its potential as a sustainable alternative to conventional nitrogen fertilizers.
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Claims 6
Claim · model-written summary
Nitrogen-modified nanobiochar improved soil nitrogen retention and nutrient availability compared with unmodified nanobiochar.
- Taxon
- spinach
Spinacia oleraceae0 - Treatment
- Nitrogen modificatione1
- Outcome
- soil nitrogen retention and nutrient availabilitye1
- Direction
- improvede1
- Comparator
- unmodified nanobiochare1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“physiological nitrogen utilization in spinach (Spinacia oleracea L.)”
e1“Nitrogen modification significantly improved soil nitrogen retention and nutrient availability compared with unmodified nanobiochar”
Claim · model-written summary
The highest nitrogen loading treatments improved spinach growth and photosynthetic efficiency.
- Taxon
- spinachSpinacia oleraceae2
- Treatment
- The highest nitrogen loading treatments (NB-AC3 and NB-AN3)e2
- Outcome
- spinach growth, photosynthetic efficiencye2
- Direction
- improvede2
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“physiological nitrogen utilization in spinach (Spinacia oleracea L.)”
e2“The highest nitrogen loading treatments (NB-AC3 and NB-AN3) notably improved spinach growth, photosynthetic efficiency, pigment content, nitrogen metabolism enzymatic activities, and accumulation of key metabolites (soluble sugars, flavonoids)”
Claim · model-written summary
The highest nitrogen loading treatments improved pigment content and nitrogen metabolism enzymatic activities in spinach.
- Taxon
- spinachSpinacia oleraceae2
- Treatment
- The highest nitrogen loading treatments (NB-AC3 and NB-AN3)e2
- Outcome
- pigment content, nitrogen metabolism enzymatic activitiese2
- Direction
- improvede2
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“physiological nitrogen utilization in spinach (Spinacia oleracea L.)”
e2“The highest nitrogen loading treatments (NB-AC3 and NB-AN3) notably improved spinach growth, photosynthetic efficiency, pigment content, nitrogen metabolism enzymatic activities, and accumulation of key metabolites (soluble sugars, flavonoids)”
Claim · model-written summary
The highest nitrogen loading treatments increased accumulation of soluble sugars and flavonoids in spinach.
- Taxon
- spinachSpinacia oleraceae2
- Treatment
- The highest nitrogen loading treatments (NB-AC3 and NB-AN3)e2
- Outcome
- accumulation of key metabolites (soluble sugars, flavonoids)e2
- Direction
- improvede2
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“physiological nitrogen utilization in spinach (Spinacia oleracea L.)”
e2“The highest nitrogen loading treatments (NB-AC3 and NB-AN3) notably improved spinach growth, photosynthetic efficiency, pigment content, nitrogen metabolism enzymatic activities, and accumulation of key metabolites (soluble sugars, flavonoids)”
Claim · model-written summary
NB-AN3 produced a pronounced controlled release with reduced nitrogen leaching in spinach soil.
- Taxon
- spinachSpinacia oleraceae0
- Treatment
- NB-AN3e3
- Outcome
- nitrogen leachinge3
- Direction
- reducede3
- Qualifier
- pronounced controlled-releasee3
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“physiological nitrogen utilization in spinach (Spinacia oleracea L.)”
e3“Nitrogen-release assessments indicated a pronounced controlled-release with reduced nitrogen leaching and greater retention, particularly under NB-AN3”
Claim · model-written summary
NB-AN3 produced greater retention of nitrogen in the soil.
- Taxon
- spinachSpinacia oleraceae0
- Treatment
- NB-AN3e3
- Outcome
- retentione3
- Direction
- greatere3
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“physiological nitrogen utilization in spinach (Spinacia oleracea L.)”
e3“Nitrogen-release assessments indicated a pronounced controlled-release with reduced nitrogen leaching and greater retention, particularly under NB-AN3”
The same questions in other papers
nitrogen · physiology: pigments · Spinacia oleracea (spinach)Results differ
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- negative
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20 papers in the same direction as this paper · 14 in the opposite direction
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See all 35 papers →Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.