Abstract
This study investigated the synergistic effects of integrating date palm biochar, compost, and compost tea on soil fertility, microbial activity, and tomato ( Solanum lycopersicum “Roma”) growth under controlled conditions within an agroecological framework. Five treatments were evaluated: control soil, compost tea, date palm biochar combined with compost tea, compost combined with compost tea, and a combined application of date palm biochar, compost, and compost tea. Soil physicochemical properties, enzymatic activities, microbial populations, and plant growth parameters were assessed. The combined application of date palm biochar, compost, and compost tea resulted in the most pronounced improvements in soil properties, including a 51.9% increase in organic carbon, a 2.1% increase in total nitrogen, and enhanced cation exchange capacity. Soil enzymatic activities, including β-glucosidase, alkaline phosphatase, and urease, increased significantly, reflecting improved nutrient cycling, while microbial populations (bacteria, fungi, and actinomycetes) were also significantly enhanced. These improvements were associated with superior plant performance, as evidenced by higher leaf nitrogen (2.19%), phosphorus (0.53%), and potassium (4.64%) concentrations, increased plant height and stem diameter, greater biomass accumulation, and improved chlorophyll content. Overall, these findings highlight the potential of date palm biochar, compost, and compost tea as sustainable alternatives to conventional fertilizers and provide the first evidence of the synergistic effects of this specific triple-amendment strategy as an integrated agroecological practice for improving soil quality and tomato production. Further research is required to validate these results under field conditions across diverse agroecological systems.
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Claims 11
Claim · model-written summary
Triple amendment increased soil organic carbon by 51.9%.
- Taxon
- tomato
Solanum lycopersicumt0 - Treatment
- combined application of date palm biochar, compost, and compost teae0
- Outcome
- organic carbone0
- Direction
- increasee0
- Value
- 51.9%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The combined application of date palm biochar, compost, and compost tea resulted in the most pronounced improvements in soil properties, including a 51.9% increase in organic carbon”
t0“tomato”
Claim · model-written summary
Triple amendment increased total soil nitrogen by 2.1%.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- combined application of date palm biochar, compost, and compost teae0
- Outcome
- total nitrogene0
- Direction
- increasee0
- Value
- 2.1%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The combined application of date palm biochar, compost, and compost tea resulted in the most pronounced improvements in soil properties, including a 51.9% increase in organic carbon, a 2.1% increase in total nitrogen”
t0“tomato”
Claim · model-written summary
Triple amendment enhanced soil cation exchange capacity.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- combined application of date palm biochar, compost, and compost teae0
- Outcome
- cation exchange capacitye0
- Direction
- enhancede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The combined application of date palm biochar, compost, and compost tea resulted in the most pronounced improvements in soil properties, including a 51.9% increase in organic carbon, a 2.1% increase in total nitrogen, and enhanced cation exchange capacity”
t0“tomato”
Claim · model-written summary
Soil β-glucosidase, alkaline phosphatase, and urease activity increased significantly.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- combined application of date palm biochar, compost, and compost teae1
- Outcome
- Soil enzymatic activities, including β-glucosidase, alkaline phosphatase, and ureasee0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Soil enzymatic activities, including β-glucosidase, alkaline phosphatase, and urease, increased significantly”
t0“tomato”
e1“The combined application of date palm biochar, compost, and compost tea resulted”
Claim · model-written summary
Soil bacterial, fungal, and actinomycete populations increased significantly.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- combined application of date palm biochar, compost, and compost teae1
- Outcome
- microbial populations (bacteria, fungi, and actinomycetes)e0
- Direction
- enhancede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“microbial populations (bacteria, fungi, and actinomycetes) were also significantly enhanced”
t0“tomato”
e1“The combined application of date palm biochar, compost, and compost tea resulted”
Claim · model-written summary
Tomato leaf nitrogen concentration was higher at 2.19%.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- combined application of date palm biochar, compost, and compost teae1
- Outcome
- leaf nitrogene0
- Direction
- highere0
- Value
- 2.19%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“higher leaf nitrogen (2.19%), phosphorus (0.53%), and potassium (4.64%) concentrations”
t0“tomato”
e1“The combined application of date palm biochar, compost, and compost tea resulted”
Claim · model-written summary
Tomato leaf phosphorus concentration was higher at 0.53%.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- combined application of date palm biochar, compost, and compost teae1
- Outcome
- phosphoruse0
- Direction
- highere0
- Value
- 0.53%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“higher leaf nitrogen (2.19%), phosphorus (0.53%), and potassium (4.64%) concentrations”
t0“tomato”
e1“The combined application of date palm biochar, compost, and compost tea resulted”
Claim · model-written summary
Tomato leaf potassium concentration was higher at 4.64%.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- combined application of date palm biochar, compost, and compost teae1
- Outcome
- potassiume0
- Direction
- highere0
- Value
- 4.64%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“higher leaf nitrogen (2.19%), phosphorus (0.53%), and potassium (4.64%) concentrations”
t0“tomato”
e1“The combined application of date palm biochar, compost, and compost tea resulted”
Claim · model-written summary
Plant height and stem diameter increased under the triple amendment.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- combined application of date palm biochar, compost, and compost teae1
- Outcome
- plant height and stem diametere0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“increased plant height and stem diameter”
t0“tomato”
e1“The combined application of date palm biochar, compost, and compost tea resulted”
Claim · model-written summary
Biomass accumulation was greater under the triple amendment.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- combined application of date palm biochar, compost, and compost teae1
- Outcome
- biomass accumulatione0
- Direction
- greatere0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“greater biomass accumulation”
t0“tomato”
e1“The combined application of date palm biochar, compost, and compost tea resulted”
Claim · model-written summary
Chlorophyll content improved under the triple amendment.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- combined application of date palm biochar, compost, and compost teae1
- Outcome
- chlorophyll contente0
- Direction
- improvede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“improved chlorophyll content”
t0“tomato”
e1“The combined application of date palm biochar, compost, and compost tea resulted”
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