Abstract
Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) is an economically important vegetable crop in Mississippi. This study involved two controlled greenhouse trials to investigate how sublethal doses of 2,4-D, simulating drift, affect tomatoes at various developmental stages, vegetative, flowering, and fruiting, as well as to evaluate potential residue accumulation in fruit. ‘Sun Gold,’ a cherry tomato variety, was cultivated in containers and exposed a single time to four reduced concentrations of 2,4-D, each combined with 0.25% nonionic surfactant. Plants in the vegetative phase exhibited the highest sensitivity. At the same time, those in flowering and fruiting stages showed progressively less, with injury severity escalating in correlation with dosage over the 1–4 week period post-application. No fruit development was observed in vegetative-stage plants treated at the 1/16× rate, in contrast to flowering and fruiting-stage plants, which yielded fruit. Using high-performance liquid chromatography, fruit samples were tested, revealing no detectable residues at the flowering stage and an average of 0.1844 μg g−1 in some fruiting-stage samples, substantially below the U.S. permissible limit of 10 ppm. Progeny seedlings showed no visible injury. These findings demonstrate that even low-rate 2,4-D exposure can reduce tomato yield when drift occurs early in growth, though residue levels remain very low.
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Claims 7
Claim · model-written summary
Plants in the vegetative phase were the most sensitive to low-rate 2,4-D, more than those at flowering and fruiting.
- Taxon
- tomato
Solanum lycopersicumt0 - Organ / stage
- vegetative phasee0
- Treatment
- 2,4-Dt0
- Outcome
- sensitivitye0
- Direction
- higheste0
- Comparator
- flowering and fruiting stagese1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Effect of low rates of 2,4-D on tomato”
e0“Plants in the vegetative phase exhibited the highest sensitivity”
e1“those in flowering and fruiting stages showed progressively less, with injury severity escalating in correlation with dosage over the 1–4 week period post-application”
Claim · model-written summary
Injury severity escalated with 2,4-D dosage over 1 to 4 weeks after application.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- dosagee1
- Outcome
- injury severitye1
- Direction
- escalatinge1
- Qualifier
- over the 1–4 week period post-applicatione1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Effect of low rates of 2,4-D on tomato”
e1“with injury severity escalating in correlation with dosage over the 1–4 week period post-application”
Claim · model-written summary
No fruit developed on vegetative-stage plants treated at the 1/16× rate, unlike flowering and fruiting-stage plants.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Organ / stage
- vegetative-stage plantse2
- Treatment
- 1/16× ratee2
- Outcome
- fruit developmente2
- Comparator
- flowering and fruiting-stage plantse2
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Effect of low rates of 2,4-D on tomato”
e2“No fruit development was observed in vegetative-stage plants treated at the 1/16× rate, in contrast to flowering and fruiting-stage plants, which yielded fruit”
Claim · model-written summary
No detectable 2,4-D residues were found in fruit at the flowering stage.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Organ / stage
- flowering stagee3
- Outcome
- residuese3
- Qualifier
- no detectablee3
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Effect of low rates of 2,4-D on tomato”
e3“revealing no detectable residues at the flowering stage and an average of 0.1844 μg g−1 in some fruiting-stage samples”
Claim · model-written summary
Fruit residues averaged 0.1844 μg g−1 in some fruiting-stage samples.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Organ / stage
- fruiting-stage samplese3
- Outcome
- residuese3
- Value
- 0.1844 μg g−1e3
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Effect of low rates of 2,4-D on tomato”
e3“revealing no detectable residues at the flowering stage and an average of 0.1844 μg g−1 in some fruiting-stage samples”
Claim · model-written summary
Progeny seedlings showed no visible injury.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Outcome
- visible injurye4
- Qualifier
- Progeny seedlingse4
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Effect of low rates of 2,4-D on tomato”
e4“Progeny seedlings showed no visible injury”
Claim · model-written summary
Low-rate 2,4-D exposure can reduce tomato yield when drift occurs early in growth.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicume5
- Treatment
- low-rate 2,4-D exposuree5
- Outcome
- yielde5
- Direction
- reducee5
- Qualifier
- when drift occurs early in growthe5
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e5“These findings demonstrate that even low-rate 2,4-D exposure can reduce tomato yield when drift occurs early in growth”
The same questions in other papers
2,4-D · yield · Solanum lycopersicum (tomato)Results differ
2 papers in the same direction as this paper · 10 in the opposite direction
- positive
- positive
- positive
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See all 13 papers →Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.