Abstract
Experiment was conducted at Melkassa Agricultural Research Center, centeral rift valley of Ethiopia from September 2008 to January 2009 with the objective to determine the effects of different concentrations and combinations of 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) and gibberellic acid (GA3) spray on fruit yield and quality of tomato. The experiment consisted of two tomato varieties-one processing (Roma VF) and one fresh market (Fetan), three levels of 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) (0, 5 and 10 mg l-1) and four levels of gibberellic acid (GA3) (0, 10, 15 and 20 mg l-1) arranged in 2 × 3 × 4 factorial combinations, in Randomized Completed Block Design with three replications. The result showed that increased in fruit length from 5.44 to 6.72 cm at 10 mg l-12,4-D combined with 10 mg l-1 GA3 above the control. Increased fruit weight by 13% due to 2,4-D and reduced fruit weight in single or combined application of GA3 with 2,4-D. Fruit pericarp thickness was increased by about 50% due to 2,4-D and GA3 application above the control. Titratable acidity, total soluble solids and lycopene content were also increased due to combined application of 2,4-D and GA3 spray. Lower fruit pH is another quality attributes of tomato affected by 2,4-D application while that of GA3 has no effect. Final fruit yield were significantly improved above the control even though both varieties responded deffirently. For Roma VF, GA3 at concentration of 10 and 15 mg l-1 resulted in maximum fruit yield of 69.50 and 67.92 ton ha-1, respectively in the absence of 2,4-D. For Fetan, maximum marketable fruit yield of 74.39 and 74.20 ton ha-1 was obtained from treatment combinations of 10 + 15 and 5 + 0 2,4-D and GA3, respectively. Hence, yield increment of about 35% for Roma VF and 18% for Fetan were produced at 10 mg l-1 GA3 and 10 + 15 mg l-1 2,4-D and GA3, respectively over the control. Significant increase in fruit size and weight due to 2,4-D and increased fruit number due to GA3 spray contributed to increased fruit yield. The results indicated that both PGRs are important in tomato production to boost yield and improve fruit quality under unfavorable climatic conditions of high temperature. Therefore, it is important to further investigate application methods and concentrations of the PGRs under concern in different growing conditions on different tomato cultivars. Key words: Gibberellic acid, 2,4-dichlorophenoxy acetic acid, tomato,Lycopersicon esculentum Mill, fruit yield, quality.
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Claims 17
Claim · model-written summary
Combined 2,4-D and GA3 increased tomato fruit length from 5.44 to 6.72 cm.
- Taxon
- tomato
Solanum lycopersicumt0 - Treatment
- 10 mg l-12,4-D combined with 10 mg l-1 GA3e0
- Outcome
- fruit lengthe0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 6.72 cme0
- Qualifier
- 5.44e0
- Comparator
- controle0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“increased in fruit length from 5.44 to 6.72 cm at 10 mg l-12,4-D combined with 10 mg l-1 GA3 above the control”
t0“tomato”
Claim · model-written summary
2,4-D increased tomato fruit weight by 13%.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- 2,4-De0
- Outcome
- fruit weighte0
- Direction
- Increasede0
- Value
- 13%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Increased fruit weight by 13% due to 2,4-D”
t0“tomato”
Claim · model-written summary
GA3 alone or with 2,4-D reduced tomato fruit weight.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- single or combined application of GA3 with 2,4-De0
- Outcome
- fruit weighte0
- Direction
- reducede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“reduced fruit weight in single or combined application of GA3 with 2,4-D”
t0“tomato”
Claim · model-written summary
2,4-D and GA3 increased fruit pericarp thickness by about 50%.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- 2,4-D and GA3 applicatione0
- Outcome
- Fruit pericarp thicknesse0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- about 50%e0
- Comparator
- controle0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Fruit pericarp thickness was increased by about 50% due to 2,4-D and GA3 application above the control”
t0“tomato”
Claim · model-written summary
Combined 2,4-D and GA3 increased acidity, soluble solids, and lycopene.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- combined application of 2,4-D and GA3 spraye0
- Outcome
- Titratable acidity, total soluble solids and lycopene contente0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Titratable acidity, total soluble solids and lycopene content were also increased due to combined application of 2,4-D and GA3 spray”
t0“tomato”
Claim · model-written summary
2,4-D lowered tomato fruit pH.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicume0
- Treatment
- 2,4-D applicatione0
- Outcome
- fruit pHe0
- Direction
- Lowere0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Lower fruit pH is another quality attributes of tomato affected by 2,4-D application”
Claim · model-written summary
GA3 had no effect on fruit pH.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- GA3e0
- Direction
- no effecte0
Not reportedComparatorOutcome
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“that of GA3 has no effect”
t0“tomato”
Claim · model-written summary
The spray treatments significantly improved final tomato fruit yield over control.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Outcome
- Final fruit yielde0
- Direction
- improvede0
- Comparator
- controle0
Not reportedTreatment
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Final fruit yield were significantly improved above the control”
t0“tomato”
Claim · model-written summary
Roma VF yielded 69.50 ton ha-1 with 10 mg l-1 GA3 without 2,4-D.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Material
- Roma VFe0
- Treatment
- GA3 at concentration of 10e0
- Outcome
- fruit yielde0
- Direction
- maximume0
- Value
- 69.50e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“For Roma VF, GA3 at concentration of 10 and 15 mg l-1 resulted in maximum fruit yield of 69.50 and 67.92 ton ha-1, respectively in the absence of 2,4-D”
t0“tomato”
Claim · model-written summary
Roma VF yielded 67.92 ton ha-1 with 15 mg l-1 GA3 without 2,4-D.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Material
- Roma VFe0
- Treatment
- 15 mg l-1e0
- Outcome
- fruit yielde0
- Direction
- maximume0
- Value
- 67.92 ton ha-1e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“For Roma VF, GA3 at concentration of 10 and 15 mg l-1 resulted in maximum fruit yield of 69.50 and 67.92 ton ha-1, respectively in the absence of 2,4-D”
t0“tomato”
Claim · model-written summary
Fetan marketable yield reached 74.39 ton ha-1 with 10 + 15 2,4-D and GA3.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Material
- Fetane0
- Treatment
- 10 + 15e0
- Outcome
- marketable fruit yielde0
- Direction
- maximume0
- Value
- 74.39e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“For Fetan, maximum marketable fruit yield of 74.39 and 74.20 ton ha-1 was obtained from treatment combinations of 10 + 15 and 5 + 0 2,4-D and GA3, respectively”
t0“tomato”
Claim · model-written summary
Fetan marketable yield reached 74.20 ton ha-1 with 5 + 0 2,4-D and GA3.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Material
- Fetane0
- Treatment
- 5 + 0 2,4-D and GA3e0
- Outcome
- marketable fruit yielde0
- Direction
- maximume0
- Value
- 74.20 ton ha-1e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“For Fetan, maximum marketable fruit yield of 74.39 and 74.20 ton ha-1 was obtained from treatment combinations of 10 + 15 and 5 + 0 2,4-D and GA3, respectively”
t0“tomato”
Claim · model-written summary
Roma VF yield increased about 35% with 10 mg l-1 GA3 over control.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Material
- Roma VFe0
- Treatment
- 10 mg l-1 GA3e0
- Outcome
- yield incremente0
- Direction
- incremente0
- Value
- about 35%e0
- Comparator
- controle0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“yield increment of about 35% for Roma VF and 18% for Fetan were produced at 10 mg l-1 GA3 and 10 + 15 mg l-1 2,4-D and GA3, respectively over the control”
t0“tomato”
Claim · model-written summary
Fetan yield increased 18% with combined 2,4-D and GA3 over control.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Material
- Fetane0
- Treatment
- 10 + 15 mg l-1 2,4-D and GA3e0
- Outcome
- yield incremente0
- Direction
- incremente0
- Value
- 18%e0
- Comparator
- controle0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“yield increment of about 35% for Roma VF and 18% for Fetan were produced at 10 mg l-1 GA3 and 10 + 15 mg l-1 2,4-D and GA3, respectively over the control”
t0“tomato”
Claim · model-written summary
2,4-D significantly increased fruit size and weight.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- 2,4-De0
- Outcome
- fruit size and weighte0
- Direction
- increasee0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Significant increase in fruit size and weight due to 2,4-D”
t0“tomato”
Claim · model-written summary
GA3 increased fruit number.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- GA3 spraye0
- Outcome
- fruit numbere0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“increased fruit number due to GA3 spray”
t0“tomato”
Claim · model-written summary
Authors recommend further investigation of application methods and concentrations across conditions and cultivars.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicume0
- Outcome
- further investigate application methods and concentrations of the PGRse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“it is important to further investigate application methods and concentrations of the PGRs under concern in different growing conditions on different tomato cultivars”
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