Abstract
Fresh crop and garden residues were applied both under laboratory conditions and in commercial greenhouse in order to asses their effect on soil nematodes populations and soil fertility. In the laboratory experiments, dosages of 5 to 20 g of cabbage residues, chicken manure, cabbage residues+chicken manure, grass+chicken manure, as well as leaves and stems of orange tree, pine tree, oleander, olive tree, palm tree and boxwood were mixed with 500 g soil having root-knot nematodes (Meloidogyne incognita) and soil moisture was adjusted at field capacity. A control treatment without residues was also included. The mixtures were kept into plastic bags, with four replications, and the bags were incubated for four weeks at 30 degrees C, when nematological and soil fertility analyses were carried out. In general, all these materials significantly (P < 0.05) reduced M. incognita populations and increased saprophagous nematodes, with slight effects on soil fertility except for the K increase with residues application. Tomato plants susceptible to M. incognita were planted in pots with 300 cm3 of the treated soils and kept for five weeks in a growth chamber (24 +/- 1 degrees C, 14 hours light), when root galling indices were evaluated. Most materials applied reduced root galling indices as regards to the control. In the greenhouse experiment, cabbage residues, cabbage residues+chicken manure, grass+chicken manure and grass+cabbage residues were applied to the soil and covered with a polyethylene sheet for 5 weeks. A cabbage residues:chicken manure treatment and a control (not-amended) treatment, without polyethylene, were also included. At the end of the experiment, the nematological analysis showed that all materials successfully controlled M. incognita populations, reaching 86-100% mortality with organic amendments vs. 6% for the control. After the greenhouse biodesinfestation experiment, a tomato crop was grown for one month, when root galling indices were determined. All materials significantly reduced this value from 4.75 in the control to 1.0-2.25 with the organic amendments, except for the cabbage residues+chicken manure treatment without polyethylene (index = 4.0). Our results show that fresh crop and garden residues successfully reduced M. incognita populations and root galling indices when applied with polyethylene covers, having good potential to be considered in integrated management programs.
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Claims 8
Claim · model-written summary
Applied residues significantly reduced soil M. incognita populations.
- Taxon
- Tomato plants
Solanum lycopersicume2 - Treatment
- all these materialse0
- Interactor
- M. incognita
_penetrates_a_tomato_root_-_USDA-ARS.jpg?width=60)
Meloidogyne incognitae0pathogen - Outcome
- M. incognita populationse0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Comparator
- without residuese1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
_penetrates_a_tomato_root_-_USDA-ARS.jpg?width=500)
Verbatim
e0“all these materials significantly (P < 0.05) reduced M. incognita populations”
e1“A control treatment without residues was also included”
e2“Tomato plants susceptible to M. incognita”
Claim · model-written summary
Residue applications increased saprophagous nematodes.
- Taxon
- Tomato plantsSolanum lycopersicume2
- Treatment
- all these materialse0
- Interactor
- saprophagous nematodese0other
- Outcome
- saprophagous nematodese0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Comparator
- without residuese1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“all these materials significantly (P < 0.05) reduced M. incognita populations and increased saprophagous nematodes”
e1“A control treatment without residues was also included”
e2“Tomato plants susceptible to M. incognita”
Claim · model-written summary
Residue application increased soil potassium, while other soil fertility effects were slight.
- Taxon
- Tomato plantsSolanum lycopersicume2
- Treatment
- residues applicatione0
- Outcome
- Ke0
- Direction
- increasee0
- Qualifier
- slight effects on soil fertilitye0
- Comparator
- without residuese1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“with slight effects on soil fertility except for the K increase with residues application”
e1“A control treatment without residues was also included”
e2“Tomato plants susceptible to M. incognita”
Claim · model-written summary
Most tested residue materials reduced tomato root galling relative to control.
- Taxon
- Tomato plantsSolanum lycopersicume1
- Treatment
- Most materials appliede0
- Interactor
- M. incognitaMeloidogyne incognitae1pathogen
- Outcome
- root galling indicese0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Comparator
- the controle0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Most materials applied reduced root galling indices as regards to the control”
e1“Tomato plants susceptible to M. incognita”
Claim · model-written summary
Greenhouse organic amendments yielded 86-100% M. incognita mortality, versus 6% in control.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicume1
- Treatment
- organic amendmentse0
- Interactor
- M. incognitaMeloidogyne incognitae0pathogen
- Outcome
- M. incognita populationse0
- Direction
- controllede0
- Value
- 86-100%e0
- Qualifier
- 6%e0
- Comparator
- the controle0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“all materials successfully controlled M. incognita populations, reaching 86-100% mortality with organic amendments vs. 6% for the control”
e1“a tomato crop was grown”
Claim · model-written summary
Greenhouse amendments reduced tomato root galling index from 4.75 to 1.0-2.25.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicume2
- Treatment
- organic amendmentse0
- Interactor
- M. incognitaMeloidogyne incognitae3pathogen
- Outcome
- root galling indicese1
- Direction
- reducede0
- Value
- 1.0-2.25e0
- Qualifier
- 4.75e0
- Comparator
- the controle0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“All materials significantly reduced this value from 4.75 in the control to 1.0-2.25 with the organic amendments”
e1“root galling indices were determined”
e2“a tomato crop was grown”
e3“all materials successfully controlled M. incognita populations”
Claim · model-written summary
Cabbage residues plus chicken manure without polyethylene produced root galling index 4.0, an exception to the reduction.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicume1
- Treatment
- cabbage residues+chicken manure treatment without polyethylenee0
- Interactor
- M. incognitaMeloidogyne incognitae3pathogen
- Outcome
- root galling indicese2
- Value
- 4.0e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“except for the cabbage residues+chicken manure treatment without polyethylene (index = 4.0)”
e1“a tomato crop was grown”
e2“root galling indices were determined”
e3“all materials successfully controlled M. incognita populations”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors recommend fresh residues with polyethylene covers for integrated nematode management.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicume1
- Treatment
- fresh crop and garden residuese0
- Interactor
- M. incognitaMeloidogyne incognitae0pathogen
- Outcome
- good potential to be considered in integrated management programse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“fresh crop and garden residues successfully reduced M. incognita populations and root galling indices when applied with polyethylene covers, having good potential to be considered in integrated management programs”
e1“a tomato crop was grown”
The same questions in other papers
organic · Meloidogyne incognita · Solanum lycopersicum (tomato)Results agree
3 papers in the same direction as this paper
- positive
- positive
- positive
Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.