Abstract
The effect of plant spacing, weed control treatments and their interaction on maize yield and weed growth in sandy soils is not completely understood. Therefore, field experiments were conducted during 2005 and 2006 growing seasons to determine if management can improve maize competitiveness with weeds and thus achieve the yield potential of maize in sandy soils. The experiment included six plant spacing (two ridge width 60 and 70 cm with 3 constant spaced hills (20, 25 and 30 can apart) on one side of ridge, at approximately 35000, 28000 and 23333 plants/fed for ridge 60 cm width and 30000, 24000 and 20000 plants/fed for ridge 70 cm width, respectively) and four weed control treatments, e.g., hand hoeing twice, fluroxypyr + one hoeing, one hoeing + sethoxydim and a nonweeded check. Plant spacing affected dry weight of weeds growing with maize. Biomass of weed species was decreased, in most cases, under narrow plant spacing. Weeds were controlled by all treatments compared with the nontreated check; however, herbicide treatments were not superior to hand-hoeing treatments. Using wide plant spacing favored growth of maize plant and weeds. Planting at wide spacing also improved most yield parameters of ear. The highest biological and grain yields of maize resulted at spacing of 60 x 25 cm (28000 plant population/fed). All weed control treatments improved grain yield up to two fold compared with the nonweeded check. The interaction between plant spacing and weed control treatments had significant effects on total weeds dry weight, as well as number of kernels/ear, grain index and biological yield parameters of maize. Grain yields were improved with fluroxypyr applied 2 wk after sowing (WAS) maize followed by one hand hoeing 6 WAS or hoeing at 3WAS followed by sethoxydim applied 6 WAS. However, the highest yields were obtained by hoeing two times during the growing season. Maize weeds control by the hoeing or herbicides treatments was enhanced in narrow- compared to wide-spacing maize 8 WAS. Application of the three weed control treatments resulted in less weed biomass and greater maize yield in narrow- compared to wide-spacing maize
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Claims 16
Claim · model-written summary
Narrow maize spacing generally reduced weed biomass.
- Treatment
- narrow plant spacinge0
- Interactor
- weed speciese0weed
- Outcome
- Biomass of weed speciese0
- Direction
- decreasede0
Zea maysNot reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Biomass of weed species was decreased, in most cases, under narrow plant spacing”
t0“maize”
Claim · model-written summary
All weed treatments controlled weeds compared with the untreated check.
- Treatment
- all treatmentse0
- Interactor
- Weedse0weed
- Outcome
- Weedse0
- Direction
- controllede0
- Comparator
- nontreated checke0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Weeds were controlled by all treatments compared with the nontreated check”
t0“maize”
Claim · model-written summary
Herbicides were not superior to hand hoeing for weed control.
- Treatment
- herbicide treatmentse0
- Outcome
- not superiore0
- Direction
- not superiore0
- Comparator
- hand-hoeing treatmentse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“herbicide treatments were not superior to hand-hoeing treatments”
t0“maize”
Claim · model-written summary
Wide spacing favored maize growth and weed growth.
- Treatment
- wide plant spacinge0
- Interactor
- weedse0weed
- Outcome
- growth of maize plant and weedse0
- Direction
- favorede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Using wide plant spacing favored growth of maize plant and weeds”
Claim · model-written summary
Wide spacing improved most ear yield parameters.
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Planting at wide spacing also improved most yield parameters of ear”
t0“maize”
Claim · model-written summary
The highest biological yield occurred at 60 x 25 cm spacing.
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The highest biological and grain yields of maize resulted at spacing of 60 x 25 cm (28000 plant population/fed)”
Claim · model-written summary
The highest grain yield occurred at 60 x 25 cm spacing.
- Treatment
- 60 x 25 cme0
- Outcome
- grain yields of maizee0
- Direction
- higheste0
- Qualifier
- 28000 plant population/fede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The highest biological and grain yields of maize resulted at spacing of 60 x 25 cm (28000 plant population/fed)”
Claim · model-written summary
All weed control treatments raised grain yield up to twofold compared with the nonweeded check.
- Treatment
- All weed control treatmentse0
- Outcome
- grain yielde0
- Direction
- improvede0
- Value
- two folde0
- Comparator
- nonweeded checke0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“All weed control treatments improved grain yield up to two fold compared with the nonweeded check”
t0“maize”
Claim · model-written summary
Spacing and weed treatment interactions significantly affected total weed dry weight.
- Treatment
- interaction between plant spacing and weed control treatmentse0
- Interactor
- weedse0weed
- Outcome
- total weeds dry weighte0
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The interaction between plant spacing and weed control treatments had significant effects on total weeds dry weight”
t0“maize”
Claim · model-written summary
Spacing and weed treatment interactions significantly affected kernels per ear, grain index and biological yield.
- Treatment
- interaction between plant spacing and weed control treatmentse0
- Outcome
- number of kernels/ear, grain index and biological yield parameters of maizee0
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The interaction between plant spacing and weed control treatments had significant effects on total weeds dry weight, as well as number of kernels/ear, grain index and biological yield parameters of maize”
Claim · model-written summary
Fluroxypyr at 2 WAS followed by hoeing at 6 WAS improved grain yields.
- Treatment
- fluroxypyr applied 2 wk after sowing (WAS) maize followed by one hand hoeing 6 WASe0
- Outcome
- Grain yieldse0
- Direction
- improvede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Grain yields were improved with fluroxypyr applied 2 wk after sowing (WAS) maize followed by one hand hoeing 6 WAS”
Claim · model-written summary
Hoeing at 3 WAS followed by sethoxydim at 6 WAS improved grain yields.
- Treatment
- hoeing at 3WAS followed by sethoxydim applied 6 WASe0
- Outcome
- Grain yieldse0
- Direction
- improvede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Grain yields were improved with fluroxypyr applied 2 wk after sowing (WAS) maize followed by one hand hoeing 6 WAS or hoeing at 3WAS followed by sethoxydim applied 6 WAS”
Claim · model-written summary
Two hoeings produced the highest yields.
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the highest yields were obtained by hoeing two times during the growing season”
t0“maize”
Claim · model-written summary
Weed control by hoeing or herbicides was enhanced under narrow versus wide spacing at 8 WAS.
- Treatment
- narrow-e0
- Interactor
- weedse0weed
- Outcome
- weeds controle0
- Direction
- enhancede0
- Comparator
- wide-spacing maizee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Maize weeds control by the hoeing or herbicides treatments was enhanced in narrow- compared to wide-spacing maize 8 WAS”
Claim · model-written summary
Three weed treatments yielded less weed biomass under narrow than wide spacing.
- Treatment
- three weed control treatmentse0
- Interactor
- weede0weed
- Outcome
- weed biomasse0
- Direction
- lesse0
- Comparator
- wide-spacing maizee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Application of the three weed control treatments resulted in less weed biomass and greater maize yield in narrow- compared to wide-spacing maize”
Claim · model-written summary
Three weed treatments yielded greater maize yield under narrow than wide spacing.
- Treatment
- three weed control treatmentse0
- Outcome
- maize yielde0
- Direction
- greatere0
- Comparator
- wide-spacing maizee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Application of the three weed control treatments resulted in less weed biomass and greater maize yield in narrow- compared to wide-spacing maize”
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