Abstract
Salinity stress severely limits soybean (Glycine max L.) productivity by disrupting physiological and biochemical processes. This study investigated the potential of magnesium oxide nanoparticles (MgO-NPs) to mitigate salt-induced damage. Soybean plants were grown under two salinity levels-non-saline (0 mM NaCl) and saline (75 mM NaCl)- in a controlled pot experiment. At the trifoliate stage, leaves were sprayed with MgO-NPs at 0, 100, 200, 400, and 600 ppm. Salinity markedly reduced relative water content (RWC) (to 69%), photosynthetic rate (to 20 µmol CO₂ m–2 s–1), and membrane stability index (MSI) (to 56%), while increasing oxidative stress markers. Foliar application of 400 ppm MgO-NPs significantly alleviated these effects, increasing RWC to 87%, photosynthesis to 35 µmol CO₂ m–2 s–1, and MSI to 78%. Treated plants showed higher chlorophyll and carotenoid contents, along with elevated proline and soluble sugars and reduced malondialdehyde (MDA) and hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂) levels. Antioxidant activity improved modestly under both saline and non-saline conditions. Importantly, 400 ppm MgO-NPs enhanced yield traits under salinity, increasing pod number, 100-seed weight, and seed yield per plant by about 30%–38%. These results indicate that MgO-NPs, particularly at 400 ppm, effectively mitigate salinity stress by modulating physiological and biochemical mechanisms, with strong potential for improving soybean performance under saline environments. Field studies are suggested to validate practical application.
Abstract from the paper’s OpenAlex record, shown for indexing and research. Copyright remains with the authors or the publisher. Read at the source ↗
The text the model read, with the source record’s inline markup (italics, sub- and superscripts) rendered and its character entities decoded; quote offsets refer to the raw text.
Claims 13
Claim · model-written summary
Salinity reduced relative water content in soybean.
- Taxon
- soybean
Glycine maxe0 - Treatment
- saline (75 mM NaCl)e1
- Outcome
- relative water content (RWC)e2
- Direction
- reducede2
- Value
- 69%e2
- Comparator
- non-saline (0 mM NaCl)e1
- Setting
- controlled pot experimente1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Salinity stress severely limits soybean (Glycine max L.) productivity”
e1“Soybean plants were grown under two salinity levels-non-saline (0 mM NaCl) and saline (75 mM NaCl)- in a controlled pot experiment”
e2“Salinity markedly reduced relative water content (RWC) (to 69%), photosynthetic rate (to 20 µmol CO₂ m–2 s–1), and membrane stability index (MSI) (to 56%)”
Claim · model-written summary
Salinity reduced the photosynthetic rate in soybean to 20 µmol CO₂ m–2 s–1.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxe0
- Treatment
- saline (75 mM NaCl)e1
- Outcome
- photosynthetic ratee2
- Direction
- reducede2
- Value
- 20 µmol CO₂ m–2 s–1e2
- Comparator
- non-saline (0 mM NaCl)e1
- Setting
- controlled pot experimente1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Salinity stress severely limits soybean (Glycine max L.) productivity”
e1“Soybean plants were grown under two salinity levels-non-saline (0 mM NaCl) and saline (75 mM NaCl)- in a controlled pot experiment”
e2“Salinity markedly reduced relative water content (RWC) (to 69%), photosynthetic rate (to 20 µmol CO₂ m–2 s–1), and membrane stability index (MSI) (to 56%)”
Claim · model-written summary
Salinity reduced the membrane stability index in soybean to 56%.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxe0
- Treatment
- saline (75 mM NaCl)e1
- Outcome
- membrane stability index (MSI)e2
- Direction
- reducede2
- Value
- 56%e2
- Comparator
- non-saline (0 mM NaCl)e1
- Setting
- controlled pot experimente1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Salinity stress severely limits soybean (Glycine max L.) productivity”
e1“Soybean plants were grown under two salinity levels-non-saline (0 mM NaCl) and saline (75 mM NaCl)- in a controlled pot experiment”
e2“Salinity markedly reduced relative water content (RWC) (to 69%), photosynthetic rate (to 20 µmol CO₂ m–2 s–1), and membrane stability index (MSI) (to 56%)”
Claim · model-written summary
Salinity increased oxidative stress markers in soybean.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxe0
- Treatment
- saline (75 mM NaCl)e1
- Outcome
- oxidative stress markerse3
- Direction
- increasinge3
- Comparator
- non-saline (0 mM NaCl)e1
- Setting
- controlled pot experimente1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Salinity stress severely limits soybean (Glycine max L.) productivity”
e1“Soybean plants were grown under two salinity levels-non-saline (0 mM NaCl) and saline (75 mM NaCl)- in a controlled pot experiment”
e3“while increasing oxidative stress markers”
Claim · model-written summary
Foliar application of 400 ppm MgO-NPs under salinity increased relative water content to 87%.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxe0
- Treatment
- Foliar application of 400 ppm MgO-NPse4
- Outcome
- RWCe4
- Direction
- increasinge4
- Value
- 87%e4
- Comparator
- saline (75 mM NaCl)e1
- Setting
- controlled pot experimente1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Salinity stress severely limits soybean (Glycine max L.) productivity”
e1“Soybean plants were grown under two salinity levels-non-saline (0 mM NaCl) and saline (75 mM NaCl)- in a controlled pot experiment”
e4“Foliar application of 400 ppm MgO-NPs significantly alleviated these effects, increasing RWC to 87%, photosynthesis to 35 µmol CO₂ m–2 s–1, and MSI to 78%”
Claim · model-written summary
Foliar application of 400 ppm MgO-NPs under salinity increased photosynthesis to 35 µmol CO₂ m–2 s–1.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxe0
- Treatment
- Foliar application of 400 ppm MgO-NPse4
- Outcome
- photosynthesise4
- Direction
- increasinge4
- Value
- 35 µmol CO₂ m–2 s–1e4
- Comparator
- saline (75 mM NaCl)e1
- Setting
- controlled pot experimente1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Salinity stress severely limits soybean (Glycine max L.) productivity”
e1“Soybean plants were grown under two salinity levels-non-saline (0 mM NaCl) and saline (75 mM NaCl)- in a controlled pot experiment”
e4“Foliar application of 400 ppm MgO-NPs significantly alleviated these effects, increasing RWC to 87%, photosynthesis to 35 µmol CO₂ m–2 s–1, and MSI to 78%”
Claim · model-written summary
Foliar application of 400 ppm MgO-NPs under salinity increased membrane stability index to 78%.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxe0
- Treatment
- Foliar application of 400 ppm MgO-NPse4
- Outcome
- MSIe4
- Direction
- increasinge4
- Value
- 78%e4
- Comparator
- saline (75 mM NaCl)e1
- Setting
- controlled pot experimente1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Salinity stress severely limits soybean (Glycine max L.) productivity”
e1“Soybean plants were grown under two salinity levels-non-saline (0 mM NaCl) and saline (75 mM NaCl)- in a controlled pot experiment”
e4“Foliar application of 400 ppm MgO-NPs significantly alleviated these effects, increasing RWC to 87%, photosynthesis to 35 µmol CO₂ m–2 s–1, and MSI to 78%”
Claim · model-written summary
MgO-NP treated soybean plants had higher chlorophyll and carotenoid contents.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxe0
- Treatment
- MgO-NPse6
- Outcome
- chlorophyll and carotenoid contentse5
- Direction
- highere5
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Salinity stress severely limits soybean (Glycine max L.) productivity”
e5“Treated plants showed higher chlorophyll and carotenoid contents”
e6“This study investigated the potential of magnesium oxide nanoparticles (MgO-NPs) to mitigate salt-induced damage”
Claim · model-written summary
MgO-NPs modestly improved antioxidant activity under both saline and non-saline conditions.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxe0
- Treatment
- MgO-NPse6
- Outcome
- Antioxidant activitye7
- Direction
- improvede7
- Qualifier
- modestly under both saline and non-saline conditionse7
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Salinity stress severely limits soybean (Glycine max L.) productivity”
e6“This study investigated the potential of magnesium oxide nanoparticles (MgO-NPs) to mitigate salt-induced damage”
e7“Antioxidant activity improved modestly under both saline and non-saline conditions”
Claim · model-written summary
MgO-NP treated soybean plants had elevated proline and soluble sugars.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxe0
- Treatment
- MgO-NPse6
- Outcome
- proline and soluble sugarse7
- Direction
- elevatede7
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Salinity stress severely limits soybean (Glycine max L.) productivity”
e6“This study investigated the potential of magnesium oxide nanoparticles (MgO-NPs) to mitigate salt-induced damage”
e7“along with elevated proline and soluble sugars”
Claim · model-written summary
MgO-NP treated soybean plants had reduced malondialdehyde and hydrogen peroxide levels.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxe0
- Treatment
- MgO-NPse6
- Outcome
- malondialdehyde (MDA) and hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂) levelse7
- Direction
- reducede7
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Salinity stress severely limits soybean (Glycine max L.) productivity”
e6“This study investigated the potential of magnesium oxide nanoparticles (MgO-NPs) to mitigate salt-induced damage”
e7“reduced malondialdehyde (MDA) and hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂) levels”
Claim · model-written summary
The 400 ppm MgO-NP treatment increased pod number, 100-seed weight and seed yield per plant by about 30%–38% under salinity.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxe0
- Treatment
- 400 ppm MgO-NPse7
- Outcome
- pod number, 100-seed weight, and seed yield per plante7
- Direction
- increasinge7
- Value
- about 30%–38%e7
- Qualifier
- under salinitye7
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Salinity stress severely limits soybean (Glycine max L.) productivity”
e7“400 ppm MgO-NPs enhanced yield traits under salinity, increasing pod number, 100-seed weight, and seed yield per plant by about 30%–38%”
Claim · model-written summary
Field studies are recommended to validate the practical application of MgO-NPs in soybean.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxe0
- Outcome
- practical applicatione7
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Salinity stress severely limits soybean (Glycine max L.) productivity”
e7“Field studies are suggested to validate practical application”
The same questions in other papers
sodium chloride · physiology: oxidative · Glycine max (soybean)Results differ
8 papers in the same direction as this paper · 3 in the opposite direction
- positive
- positive
- positive
8 papers more in this group
See all 12 papers →sodium chloride · physiology: water · Glycine max (soybean)Positive and negative results
4 papers in the same direction as this paper · 3 in the opposite direction
- positive
- positive
- positive
4 papers more in this group
See all 8 papers →sodium chloride · physiology: photosynthesis · Glycine max (soybean)Positive and negative results
9 papers in the same direction as this paper · 3 in the opposite direction
- positive
- positive
- positive
9 papers more in this group
See all 13 papers →magnesium oxide · physiology: photosynthesis · Glycine max (soybean)Results agree
1 paper in the same direction as this paper
- positive
magnesium oxide · physiology: oxidative · Glycine max (soybean)Results agree
1 paper in the same direction as this paper
- positive
salinity · physiology: photosynthesis · Glycine max (soybean)Results differ
28 papers in the same direction as this paper · 8 in the opposite direction
- positive
- positive
- positive
33 papers more in this group
See all 37 papers →salinity · physiology: oxidative · Glycine max (soybean)Results differ
36 papers in the same direction as this paper · 4 in the opposite direction
- positive
- positive
- positive
37 papers more in this group
See all 41 papers →nanoparticle · physiology: water · Glycine max (soybean)Positive and negative results
6 papers in the same direction as this paper · 1 in the opposite direction
- no effect
- positive
- positive
4 papers more in this group
See all 8 papers →8 of 18 groups shown: named compounds and organisms first, then groups whose results differ (checked claim by claim), then those with positive and negative results, then the smaller groups.
Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.