Abstract
Blue mold is a major postharvest disease of mandarin, causing substantial losses during storage. This study evaluated the efficacy of GRAS (Generally Regarded as Safe) salts, botanical extracts, and physical methods to manage blue mold in Doti Local mandarin at Tikapur, Kailali. In vitro and in vivo experiments were conducted in a completely randomized design, with carbendazim as the chemical check. Five botanical extracts (lemongrass, sweet flag, lantana, garlic, and neem oil) and six GRAS salts (potassium metabisulfite, sodium carbonate, ammonium carbonate, sodium salicylate, sodium sulfite, and copper sulfate) were tested in vitro using the poisoned food technique. In vivo, these treatments, along with UV radiation and hot water, were assessed for disease reduction. All treatments significantly suppressed radial mycelial growth in vitro by day 7. Carbendazim (50 and 100 ppm) completely inhibited mycelial growth, while neem oil (100 ppm) showed over 60% inhibition. Lantana (10%), sodium salicylate (25 mM), and sodium sulfite (25 mM) recorded over 50% inhibition. In vivo, neem oil, garlic extract, and sodium carbonate recorded 24-31% disease inhibition, while carbendazim showed the highest (47.13%). Garlic extract and neem oil consistently reduced pathogen growth, showing their potential as safer, sustainable pre-storage management options for blue mold.
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Claims 11
Claim · model-written summary
All treatments suppressed mycelial growth by day seven.
- Taxon
- mandarint0
- Treatment
- All treatmentse0
- Interactor
- Penicillium italicum
Penicillium italicumt0pathogene0 - Outcome
- radial mycelial growthe0
- Direction
- suppressede0
- Qualifier
- in vitro by day 7e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“All treatments significantly suppressed radial mycelial growth in vitro by day 7”
t0“mandarin fruits against blue mold ( Penicillium italicum )”
Claim · model-written summary
Carbendazim at 50 ppm completely inhibited mycelial growth.
- Taxon
- mandarint0
- Treatment
- Carbendazim (50 and 100 ppm)e0
- Interactor
- Penicillium italicumPenicillium italicumt0pathogene0
- Outcome
- mycelial growthe0
- Direction
- completely inhibitede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Carbendazim (50 and 100 ppm) completely inhibited mycelial growth”
t0“mandarin fruits against blue mold ( Penicillium italicum )”
Claim · model-written summary
Neem oil at 100 ppm inhibited mycelial growth by more than 60%.
- Taxon
- mandarint0
- Treatment
- neem oil (100 ppm)e0
- Interactor
- Penicillium italicumPenicillium italicumt0pathogene0
- Outcome
- inhibitione0
- Direction
- inhibitione0
- Value
- over 60%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“neem oil (100 ppm) showed over 60% inhibition”
t0“mandarin fruits against blue mold ( Penicillium italicum )”
Claim · model-written summary
Lantana at 10% inhibited mycelial growth by more than 50%.
- Taxon
- mandarint0
- Treatment
- Lantana (10%)e0
- Interactor
- Penicillium italicumPenicillium italicumt0pathogene0
- Outcome
- inhibitione0
- Direction
- inhibitione0
- Value
- over 50%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Lantana (10%), sodium salicylate (25 mM), and sodium sulfite (25 mM) recorded over 50% inhibition”
t0“mandarin fruits against blue mold ( Penicillium italicum )”
Claim · model-written summary
Sodium salicylate inhibited mycelial growth by more than 50%.
- Taxon
- mandarint0
- Treatment
- sodium salicylate (25 mM)e0
- Interactor
- Penicillium italicumPenicillium italicumt0pathogene0
- Outcome
- inhibitione0
- Direction
- inhibitione0
- Value
- over 50%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“sodium salicylate (25 mM), and sodium sulfite (25 mM) recorded over 50% inhibition”
t0“mandarin fruits against blue mold ( Penicillium italicum )”
Claim · model-written summary
Sodium sulfite inhibited mycelial growth by more than 50%.
- Taxon
- mandarint0
- Treatment
- sodium sulfite (25 mM)e0
- Interactor
- Penicillium italicumPenicillium italicumt0pathogene0
- Outcome
- inhibitione0
- Direction
- inhibitione0
- Value
- over 50%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“sodium sulfite (25 mM) recorded over 50% inhibition”
t0“mandarin fruits against blue mold ( Penicillium italicum )”
Claim · model-written summary
Neem oil inhibited disease on fruit by 24–31%.
- Taxon
- mandarint0
- Treatment
- neem oile0
- Interactor
- Penicillium italicumPenicillium italicumt0pathogene0
- Outcome
- disease inhibitione0
- Direction
- inhibitione0
- Value
- 24-31%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“neem oil, garlic extract, and sodium carbonate recorded 24-31% disease inhibition”
t0“mandarin fruits against blue mold ( Penicillium italicum )”
Claim · model-written summary
Garlic extract inhibited disease on fruit by 24–31%.
- Taxon
- mandarint0
- Treatment
- garlic extracte0
- Interactor
- Penicillium italicumPenicillium italicumt0pathogene0
- Outcome
- disease inhibitione0
- Direction
- inhibitione0
- Value
- 24-31%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“garlic extract, and sodium carbonate recorded 24-31% disease inhibition”
t0“mandarin fruits against blue mold ( Penicillium italicum )”
Claim · model-written summary
Sodium carbonate inhibited disease on fruit by 24–31%.
- Taxon
- mandarint0
- Treatment
- sodium carbonatee0
- Interactor
- Penicillium italicumPenicillium italicumt0pathogene0
- Outcome
- disease inhibitione0
- Direction
- inhibitione0
- Value
- 24-31%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“sodium carbonate recorded 24-31% disease inhibition”
t0“mandarin fruits against blue mold ( Penicillium italicum )”
Claim · model-written summary
Carbendazim gave the highest disease inhibition at 47.13%.
- Taxon
- mandarint0
- Treatment
- carbendazime0
- Interactor
- Penicillium italicumPenicillium italicumt0pathogene0
- Outcome
- higheste0
- Direction
- higheste0
- Value
- 47.13%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“carbendazim showed the highest (47.13%)”
t0“mandarin fruits against blue mold ( Penicillium italicum )”
Claim · model-written summary
Garlic extract and neem oil were proposed as sustainable pre-storage options.
- Taxon
- mandarint0
- Interactor
- Penicillium italicumPenicillium italicumt0pathogene0
- Outcome
- safer, sustainable pre-storage management optionse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Garlic extract and neem oil consistently reduced pathogen growth, showing their potential as safer, sustainable pre-storage management options for blue mold”
t0“mandarin fruits against blue mold ( Penicillium italicum )”
The same questions in other papers
carbendazim · Penicillium italicum · Citrus reticulata (tangerine)Results agree
1 paper in the same direction as this paper
- positive
botanical · Penicillium italicum · Citrus reticulata (tangerine)Results agree
2 papers in the same direction as this paper
- positive
- positive
Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.