Abstract
Common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) relies heavily on nitrogen (N) and partially meets its needs through rhizobial N2 fixation. Post-emergence rhizobial reinoculation may enhance this process. Under controlled conditions, we assessed the efficiency of liquid Rhizobium inoculant rates applied post-emergence on nodulation, dry matter, N nutritional status, and agronomic traits. Treatments consisted of three common bean cultivars (IPR Andorinha, IPR Campos Gerais, and TAA Dama) cultivated under six N input methods: control; seed inoculation; seed inoculation + post-emergence reinoculation with spraying of 400, 800, and 1200 mL ha−1 of liquid inoculant (equivalent to 2.9, 5.9, and 8.9 × 106 colony-forming units plant−1); and mineral-N fertilization with 120 kg N ha−1. At the R8 stage, post-emergence reinoculation, especially at 800 and 1200 mL ha−1, increased nodule number and dry matter relative to seed inoculation and control treatments. Mineral-N fertilization, however, resulted in higher chlorophyll indices, shoot dry matter, and seed weight per plant compared with inoculation treatments, particularly for IPR Andorinha and TAA Dama. Cultivars and N input methods interacted significantly for shoot N concentration, N accumulation, and seed weight, evidencing genotypic variability in the response to biological N fixation and mineral N. TAA Dama stood out for nodulation and biomass accumulation. For IPR Campos Gerais, the highest shoot N accumulation at R8 (0.43 mg plant−1) occurred with 1200 mL ha−1 of post-emergence inoculant. These findings demonstrate that post-emergence reinoculation can enhance biological N fixation in common bean, but its effectiveness depends on cultivar selection and alignment with mineral-N management.
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Claims 11
Claim · model-written summary
Post-emergence reinoculation, especially 800 and 1200 mL ha−1, increased nodules versus seed inoculation and control.
- Taxon
- Common bean
Phaseolus vulgarist0 - Treatment
- post-emergence reinoculation, especially at 800 and 1200 mL ha−1e0
- Outcome
- nodule numbere0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Comparator
- seed inoculation and control treatmentse0
RhizobiumOrganisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“post-emergence reinoculation, especially at 800 and 1200 mL ha−1, increased nodule number and dry matter relative to seed inoculation and control treatments.”
t0“rhizobial reinoculation in common bean”
e1“liquid Rhizobium inoculant rates”
Claim · model-written summary
Post-emergence reinoculation, especially 800 and 1200 mL ha−1, increased dry matter versus seed inoculation and control.
- Taxon
- Common beanPhaseolus vulgarist0
- Treatment
- post-emergence reinoculation, especially at 800 and 1200 mL ha−1e0
- Outcome
- dry mattere0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Comparator
- seed inoculation and control treatmentse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“post-emergence reinoculation, especially at 800 and 1200 mL ha−1, increased nodule number and dry matter relative to seed inoculation and control treatments.”
t0“rhizobial reinoculation in common bean”
e1“liquid Rhizobium inoculant rates”
Claim · model-written summary
Mineral nitrogen raised chlorophyll indices over inoculation treatments.
- Taxon
- Common beanPhaseolus vulgarist0
- Material
- IPR Andorinha and TAA Damae0
- Treatment
- Mineral-N fertilizatione0
- Outcome
- chlorophyll indicese0
- Direction
- highere0
- Comparator
- inoculation treatmentse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Mineral-N fertilization, however, resulted in higher chlorophyll indices, shoot dry matter, and seed weight per plant compared with inoculation treatments, particularly for IPR Andorinha and TAA Dama.”
t0“common bean”
Claim · model-written summary
Mineral nitrogen raised shoot dry matter over inoculation treatments.
- Taxon
- Common beanPhaseolus vulgarist0
- Material
- IPR Andorinha and TAA Damae0
- Treatment
- Mineral-N fertilizatione0
- Outcome
- shoot dry mattere0
- Direction
- highere0
- Comparator
- inoculation treatmentse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Mineral-N fertilization, however, resulted in higher chlorophyll indices, shoot dry matter, and seed weight per plant compared with inoculation treatments, particularly for IPR Andorinha and TAA Dama.”
t0“common bean”
Claim · model-written summary
Mineral nitrogen raised seed weight per plant over inoculation treatments.
- Taxon
- Common beanPhaseolus vulgarist0
- Material
- IPR Andorinha and TAA Damae0
- Treatment
- Mineral-N fertilizatione0
- Outcome
- seed weight per plante0
- Direction
- highere0
- Comparator
- inoculation treatmentse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Mineral-N fertilization, however, resulted in higher chlorophyll indices, shoot dry matter, and seed weight per plant compared with inoculation treatments, particularly for IPR Andorinha and TAA Dama.”
t0“common bean”
Claim · model-written summary
Cultivar and nitrogen input interacted significantly for shoot nitrogen concentration.
- Taxon
- Common beanPhaseolus vulgarist0
- Material
- Cultivarse0
- Treatment
- N input methodse0
- Outcome
- shoot N concentratione0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Cultivars and N input methods interacted significantly for shoot N concentration, N accumulation, and seed weight”
t0“common bean”
Claim · model-written summary
Cultivar and nitrogen input interacted significantly for nitrogen accumulation.
- Taxon
- Common beanPhaseolus vulgarist0
- Material
- Cultivarse0
- Treatment
- N input methodse0
- Outcome
- N accumulatione0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Cultivars and N input methods interacted significantly for shoot N concentration, N accumulation, and seed weight”
t0“common bean”
Claim · model-written summary
Cultivar and nitrogen input interacted significantly for seed weight.
- Taxon
- Common beanPhaseolus vulgarist0
- Material
- Cultivarse0
- Treatment
- N input methodse0
- Outcome
- seed weighte0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Cultivars and N input methods interacted significantly for shoot N concentration, N accumulation, and seed weight”
t0“common bean”
Claim · model-written summary
TAA Dama stood out for nodulation and biomass accumulation.
- Taxon
- Common beanPhaseolus vulgarist0
- Material
- TAA Damae0
- Outcome
- nodulation and biomass accumulatione0
- Direction
- stood oute0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“TAA Dama stood out for nodulation and biomass accumulation.”
t0“common bean”
Claim · model-written summary
IPR Campos Gerais had maximum shoot nitrogen accumulation at R8 with 1200 mL ha−1 post-emergence inoculant, reaching 0.43 mg plant−1.
- Taxon
- Common beanPhaseolus vulgarist0
- Material
- IPR Campos Geraise0
- Organ / stage
- R8e0
- Treatment
- 1200 mL ha−1 of post-emergence inoculante0
- Outcome
- shoot N accumulatione0
- Direction
- higheste0
- Value
- 0.43 mg plant−1e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“For IPR Campos Gerais, the highest shoot N accumulation at R8 (0.43 mg plant−1) occurred with 1200 mL ha−1 of post-emergence inoculant.”
t0“common bean”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors conclude that post-emergence reinoculation can improve biological nitrogen fixation, depending on cultivar and mineral nitrogen management.
- Taxon
- common beanPhaseolus vulgarise0
- Outcome
- post-emergence reinoculation can enhance biological N fixatione0
- Qualifier
- depends on cultivar selection and alignment with mineral-N managemente0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“post-emergence reinoculation can enhance biological N fixation in common bean, but its effectiveness depends on cultivar selection and alignment with mineral-N management.”
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