Abstract
Agrivoltaics (AV) systems create consistent shading throughout the crop growth cycle, making it essential to understand how these patterns affect crop growth and development. If shading leads to a yield penalty, identifying the specific yield components involved is key to optimizing management practices for sustainable co-production of electricity and crops. This study investigated how sorghum and soybean respond to shading within AV systems, with a specific focus on identifying the key yield components and grain yield affected by shading. Canopy biomass, grain yield, and yield components (grain number and weight) of sorghum ( Sorghum bicolor ) and soybean ( Glycine max ) grown under full sun conditions and photovoltaic (PV) panel shadings were compared. Source-sink manipulation was achieved through defoliation and de-graining in both sorghum and soybean to determine the key grain yield components affected by shading in the AV system. The yield penalty from PV shading was pronounced in soybean, whereas it was minor in sorghum. Enhancing sink size (i.e., grain number) in both crops was the key factor for minimizing the yield penalty caused by shading. Management practices after anthesis would be different for sorghum and soybean in AV systems. Increasing assimilates in sorghum during grain filling may help offset yield penalties by boosting grain weight. For soybeans, the focus should be on avoiding resource limitations during post-anthesis, as increased assimilates had a limited impact on grain weight. Both crops integrated with PV electricity generation increased the Land Equivalent Ratio (LER: 1.54 for sorghum and 1.23 for soybean) in AV systems. AV systems improved land use efficiency despite reduced crop yields due to shading, demonstrating their potential for sustainable food and energy co-production.
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Claims 7
Claim · model-written summary
Photovoltaic shading caused a pronounced soybean yield penalty.
- Taxon
- soybean
Glycine maxe0 - Treatment
- PV shadinge0
- Outcome
- yield penaltye0
- Direction
- pronouncede0
- Comparator
- full sun conditionse1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The yield penalty from PV shading was pronounced in soybean, whereas it was minor in sorghum.”
e1“full sun conditions”
Claim · model-written summary
Photovoltaic shading caused a minor sorghum yield penalty.
SorghumOrganisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The yield penalty from PV shading was pronounced in soybean, whereas it was minor in sorghum.”
e1“full sun conditions”
Claim · model-written summary
Enhancing grain number minimized the shade yield penalty in both crops.
Verbatim
e0“Enhancing sink size (i.e., grain number) in both crops was the key factor for minimizing the yield penalty caused by shading.”
Claim · model-written summary
Increased assimilates during grain filling may boost sorghum grain weight.
- Outcome
- Increasing assimilates in sorghum during grain fillinge0
- Qualifier
- may help offset yield penaltiese0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Increasing assimilates in sorghum during grain filling may help offset yield penalties by boosting grain weight.”
Claim · model-written summary
Increased assimilates had limited impact on soybean grain weight.
- Taxon
- soybeansGlycine maxe1
- Outcome
- grain weighte0
- Direction
- limitede0
- Qualifier
- increased assimilatese0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“increased assimilates had a limited impact on grain weight.”
e1“For soybeans”
Claim · model-written summary
The sorghum agrivoltaic system achieved land equivalent ratio 1.54.
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Both crops integrated with PV electricity generation increased the Land Equivalent Ratio (LER: 1.54 for sorghum and 1.23 for soybean)”
Claim · model-written summary
The soybean agrivoltaic system achieved land equivalent ratio 1.23.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxe0
- Outcome
- Land Equivalent Ratioe0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 1.23e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Both crops integrated with PV electricity generation increased the Land Equivalent Ratio (LER: 1.54 for sorghum and 1.23 for soybean)”
The same questions in other papers
shade · yield · SorghumResults differ
2 papers in the same direction as this paper · 3 in the opposite direction
- positive
- positive
- positive
2 papers more in this group
See all 6 papers →shade · yield · Glycine max (soybean)Results differ
47 papers in the same direction as this paper · 6 in the opposite direction
- no effect
- positive
- positive
50 papers more in this group
See all 54 papers →Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.