Abstract
Abstract Cacao production under agroforestry systems (AFS) can increase the incidence of diseases such as Moniliophthora roreri (Cif.) Evans et al., commonly known as Frosty Pod Rot (FPR) of cacao. However, some clones have shown tolerance to this disease, even under AFS conditions. Therefore, this study aims to identify the behavior of different cacao clones planted under full sun and shade conditions with the aiming of identifying clones that combine greater tolerance to the disease with superior yields to 1000 kg ha −1 year −1 under AFS in the Colombian Amazon. The FPR resistance was evaluated in 18 cacao clones under both artificial inoculation and field conditions. Monitoring was conducted for one year in both full sun and shade. Data were analyzed using linear mixed models to determine differences between factors (i.e., clone, ii. condition) and the Disease Productivity Index (DPI). The FEC-2 clone stood out as the most resistant, showing no external or internal symptoms and the lowest pathogen incidence in both production systems (external severity 0.25 ± 0.07, internal severity 0.35 ± 0.06, and incidence of Moniliophthora roreri 0.15 ± 0.02). Other clones, such as ICS-95 and CCN-51, exhibited moderate tolerance, while most clones were classified as susceptible or moderately susceptible. The analysis revealed that shade conditions increased pathogen incidence in most clones, except for FEC-2. Additionally, clones like ICS-95, ICS-39, and FSV-155 reduced their incidence under shade. The Disease and Production Index (DPI) identified FEC-2 as the most promising clone, combining high productivity and tolerance, followed by ICS-95 and CCN-51, which also demonstrated disease tolerance and good yield levels. Clones such as FEAR-5, FSV-41, FLE-3, and ICS-1 were highly susceptible, while EET-8, FSA-12, and FGH-4 were classified as moderately susceptible. These findings highlight the importance of selecting resistant clones like FEC-2 to improve the sustainability and productivity of cacao in Amazonian agroforestry systems, mitigating losses caused by FPR.
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Claims 13
Claim · model-written summary
Clone FEC-2 had the lowest Moniliophthora roreri incidence in both production systems, 0.15 ± 0.02.
- Taxon
- Cacao
Theobroma cacaoe0 - Material
- FEC-2e1
- Interactor
- Moniliophthora roreri
Moniliophthora rorerie0pathogen - Outcome
- pathogen incidencee1
- Direction
- loweste1
- Value
- 0.15 ± 0.02e1
- Setting
- both production systemse1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“The FEC-2 clone stood out as the most resistant, showing no external or internal symptoms and the lowest pathogen incidence in both production systems (external severity 0.25 ± 0.07, internal severity 0.35 ± 0.06, and incidence of Moniliophthora roreri 0.15 ± 0.02)”
e0“Cacao production under agroforestry systems (AFS) can increase the incidence of diseases such as Moniliophthora roreri (Cif.) Evans et al., commonly known as Frosty Pod Rot (FPR) of cacao”
Claim · model-written summary
Clone FEC-2 had an external severity of 0.25 ± 0.07 to Moniliophthora roreri.
- Taxon
- CacaoTheobroma cacaoe0
- Material
- FEC-2e1
- Interactor
- Moniliophthora roreriMoniliophthora rorerie0pathogen
- Outcome
- external severitye1
- Value
- 0.25 ± 0.07e1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“The FEC-2 clone stood out as the most resistant, showing no external or internal symptoms and the lowest pathogen incidence in both production systems (external severity 0.25 ± 0.07, internal severity 0.35 ± 0.06, and incidence of Moniliophthora roreri 0.15 ± 0.02)”
e0“Cacao production under agroforestry systems (AFS) can increase the incidence of diseases such as Moniliophthora roreri (Cif.) Evans et al., commonly known as Frosty Pod Rot (FPR) of cacao”
Claim · model-written summary
Clone FEC-2 had an internal severity of 0.35 ± 0.06 to Moniliophthora roreri.
- Taxon
- CacaoTheobroma cacaoe0
- Material
- FEC-2e1
- Interactor
- Moniliophthora roreriMoniliophthora rorerie0pathogen
- Outcome
- internal severitye1
- Value
- 0.35 ± 0.06e1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“The FEC-2 clone stood out as the most resistant, showing no external or internal symptoms and the lowest pathogen incidence in both production systems (external severity 0.25 ± 0.07, internal severity 0.35 ± 0.06, and incidence of Moniliophthora roreri 0.15 ± 0.02)”
e0“Cacao production under agroforestry systems (AFS) can increase the incidence of diseases such as Moniliophthora roreri (Cif.) Evans et al., commonly known as Frosty Pod Rot (FPR) of cacao”
Claim · model-written summary
Clone FEC-2 showed no external or internal symptoms of frosty pod rot.
- Taxon
- CacaoTheobroma cacaoe0
- Material
- FEC-2e1
- Interactor
- Moniliophthora roreriMoniliophthora rorerie0pathogen
- Outcome
- external or internal symptomse1
- Direction
- noe1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“The FEC-2 clone stood out as the most resistant, showing no external or internal symptoms and the lowest pathogen incidence in both production systems (external severity 0.25 ± 0.07, internal severity 0.35 ± 0.06, and incidence of Moniliophthora roreri 0.15 ± 0.02)”
e0“Cacao production under agroforestry systems (AFS) can increase the incidence of diseases such as Moniliophthora roreri (Cif.) Evans et al., commonly known as Frosty Pod Rot (FPR) of cacao”
Claim · model-written summary
Clones ICS-95 and CCN-51 showed moderate tolerance to frosty pod rot.
- Taxon
- CacaoTheobroma cacaoe0
- Material
- ICS-95 and CCN-51e2
- Outcome
- tolerancee2
- Direction
- moderatee2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e2“Other clones, such as ICS-95 and CCN-51, exhibited moderate tolerance, while most clones were classified as susceptible or moderately susceptible”
e0“Cacao production under agroforestry systems (AFS) can increase the incidence of diseases such as Moniliophthora roreri (Cif.) Evans et al., commonly known as Frosty Pod Rot (FPR) of cacao”
Claim · model-written summary
Most cacao clones were classified as susceptible or moderately susceptible to frosty pod rot.
- Taxon
- CacaoTheobroma cacaoe0
- Outcome
- classified as susceptible or moderately susceptiblee2
- Qualifier
- most clonese2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e2“Other clones, such as ICS-95 and CCN-51, exhibited moderate tolerance, while most clones were classified as susceptible or moderately susceptible”
e0“Cacao production under agroforestry systems (AFS) can increase the incidence of diseases such as Moniliophthora roreri (Cif.) Evans et al., commonly known as Frosty Pod Rot (FPR) of cacao”
Claim · model-written summary
Shade conditions increased pathogen incidence in most cacao clones, except FEC-2.
- Taxon
- CacaoTheobroma cacaoe0
- Treatment
- shade conditionse3
- Outcome
- pathogen incidencee3
- Direction
- increasede3
- Qualifier
- most clones, except for FEC-2e3
- Comparator
- full sunt0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e3“The analysis revealed that shade conditions increased pathogen incidence in most clones, except for FEC-2”
e0“Cacao production under agroforestry systems (AFS) can increase the incidence of diseases such as Moniliophthora roreri (Cif.) Evans et al., commonly known as Frosty Pod Rot (FPR) of cacao”
t0“agroforestry systems and full sun”
Claim · model-written summary
Clones ICS-95, ICS-39 and FSV-155 reduced their frosty pod rot incidence under shade compared with full sun.
- Taxon
- CacaoTheobroma cacaoe0
- Material
- ICS-95, ICS-39, and FSV-155e4
- Treatment
- shadee4
- Outcome
- incidencee4
- Direction
- reducede4
- Comparator
- full sunt0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e4“Additionally, clones like ICS-95, ICS-39, and FSV-155 reduced their incidence under shade”
e0“Cacao production under agroforestry systems (AFS) can increase the incidence of diseases such as Moniliophthora roreri (Cif.) Evans et al., commonly known as Frosty Pod Rot (FPR) of cacao”
t0“agroforestry systems and full sun”
Claim · model-written summary
Clone FEC-2 was identified as the most promising clone, combining high productivity and tolerance.
- Taxon
- CacaoTheobroma cacaoe0
- Material
- FEC-2e5
- Outcome
- productivity and tolerancee5
- Direction
- most promisinge5
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e5“The Disease and Production Index (DPI) identified FEC-2 as the most promising clone, combining high productivity and tolerance, followed by ICS-95 and CCN-51, which also demonstrated disease tolerance and good yield levels”
e0“Cacao production under agroforestry systems (AFS) can increase the incidence of diseases such as Moniliophthora roreri (Cif.) Evans et al., commonly known as Frosty Pod Rot (FPR) of cacao”
Claim · model-written summary
Clones ICS-95 and CCN-51 also demonstrated disease tolerance and good yield levels.
- Taxon
- CacaoTheobroma cacaoe0
- Material
- ICS-95 and CCN-51e5
- Outcome
- disease tolerance and good yield levelse5
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e5“The Disease and Production Index (DPI) identified FEC-2 as the most promising clone, combining high productivity and tolerance, followed by ICS-95 and CCN-51, which also demonstrated disease tolerance and good yield levels”
e0“Cacao production under agroforestry systems (AFS) can increase the incidence of diseases such as Moniliophthora roreri (Cif.) Evans et al., commonly known as Frosty Pod Rot (FPR) of cacao”
Claim · model-written summary
Clones FEAR-5, FSV-41, FLE-3 and ICS-1 were highly susceptible to frosty pod rot.
- Taxon
- CacaoTheobroma cacaoe0
- Material
- FEAR-5, FSV-41, FLE-3, and ICS-1e6
- Outcome
- highly susceptiblee6
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e6“Clones such as FEAR-5, FSV-41, FLE-3, and ICS-1 were highly susceptible, while EET-8, FSA-12, and FGH-4 were classified as moderately susceptible”
e0“Cacao production under agroforestry systems (AFS) can increase the incidence of diseases such as Moniliophthora roreri (Cif.) Evans et al., commonly known as Frosty Pod Rot (FPR) of cacao”
Claim · model-written summary
Clones EET-8, FSA-12 and FGH-4 were moderately susceptible to frosty pod rot.
- Taxon
- CacaoTheobroma cacaoe0
- Material
- EET-8, FSA-12, and FGH-4e6
- Outcome
- moderately susceptiblee6
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e6“Clones such as FEAR-5, FSV-41, FLE-3, and ICS-1 were highly susceptible, while EET-8, FSA-12, and FGH-4 were classified as moderately susceptible”
e0“Cacao production under agroforestry systems (AFS) can increase the incidence of diseases such as Moniliophthora roreri (Cif.) Evans et al., commonly known as Frosty Pod Rot (FPR) of cacao”
Claim · model-written summary
Selecting resistant clones such as FEC-2 is recommended to improve the sustainability and productivity of cacao.
- Taxon
- cacaoTheobroma cacaoe7
- Material
- FEC-2e7
- Outcome
- sustainability and productivity of cacaoe7
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e7“These findings highlight the importance of selecting resistant clones like FEC-2 to improve the sustainability and productivity of cacao in Amazonian agroforestry systems, mitigating losses caused by FPR”
The same questions in other papers
shade · disease · Theobroma cacao (cocoa)Positive and negative results
3 in the opposite direction
- no effect
- negative
- negative
Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.